ÿWPCb ÜÆ÷žšSÓEê „´¶Ô;•}$ 9$=™J_Y\¬Œðžîݲ U<‹·¬d=#€ýö'Û%c+ö(·YÏØ[—HÉz5È.¹¾·rõ°[(q5òñ!?÷Ä{Ȫ¿ûrÒ1ZMg¸é“%÷¿ô–‚£MBl½üC“„¬á;~¯fßÍS exh ‹èë°X=à®o2"÷úè䶥T¡nj« <ÂF>TlG·s½H)ÁÝÝ,$âº'ì"h#ù9ëÁmÙ$'ìr˜÷ÞFÃø4Ï7ïq‰GzéS#cYâ©hˆO‘.ië1ãÃú£‡Êxpš „±µ0‚è/­hûæµ{0è”ðrÁŠæÈóÃpª´;òÇyÓ]Òy+Kvëž÷¤„z¬XðݯGm4ÍCáfÂúQvÊö¿gJL»¸²é=¤“øD.¤[QÝ7ç”÷ L?åÞ6ÄÀZÿ_½?J˜Ý)ô_~$@8 Ûw ÉëÀËáVÒQcÏÙ‘+ÎÛ¦p"¥-”³æhëø8­„iÈg@ûœ¨‚œ|aÖUÌ„¯5pUN€ %ÎÔ 0:Ôw@4N#|xJ(ÖÃ9 Z ‹6Times New Roman RegularX(ö\$¡¡ÔCEUS.,Ô ADBDCDDDEDFDGDHDIVJDÌçÝ ƒö\!ÝÔCEUS.,ÔÝ  Ýññññ_____________________________________ññññ„„ññññññ____________ññÌññÌÌññÌElectronic€Journal€of€Sociology.€ññVol€1,€No.€3,€ññññññAugustññññññAugustññññ,€ññ1995Ì______________________________________ññ___________ññÌñ ñÌÌñ ñÌÌà  àà ` àTHE€WITHERING€OF€TRADE€UNION€PATRIARCHYÌñ ñÌñ ñÌñ ñÌñ ñ______________________________Ìñ ñÌÌÌñ ñÌCarl€J.€Cuneo€Ìñ ñÌÌñ ñDept.€of€SociologyÌññÌññññÌññKenneth€Taylor€Hall,ÌññÌÌññRoom€608€ÌññÌÌññMcMaster€UniversityÌññÌÌÌññHamilton,€Ontario,€ÌññÌÌññCanada€L8S€4M4ÌññÌÌññcuneo@mcmaster.ca€€ÌññÌÌÌññ______________________________________Ì€€€€€€€€€€ÌññÌÌÌññKEYWORDSÌññÌÌÌÌññññÌññbeauty€contestsÌññÌÌ€Ìññdomestic€labourÌññÌÌÌññfeminismÌññÌÌÌññgenderÌññÌÌÌññlabour€pressÌññÌÌÌññmenÌññÌÌÌññpatriarchyÌññÌÌÌññpinupsÌñ ñÌÌÌñ ñRetail,€Wholesale€and€Department€Store€UnionÌñ!ñÌÌÌñ!ñsexismÌñ"ñÌÌÌñ"ñsexual€harassmentÌñ#ñÌÌÌñ#ñtrade€unionismÌñ$ñÌÌÌñ$ñvisual€sociologyÌñ%ñÌÌÌñ%ñwage€labourÌñ&ñÌÌÌñ&ñwomenÌÌÌÌÌÌÌ_____________________________________________ÌÐ @-(, ЇÌà  àACKNOWLEDGEMENTSÌÌñ'ñÌÌÌÌñ'ñThanks€are€due€to€the€Retail,€Wholesale,€and€Department€StoreÌñ(ñÌÌñ(ñInternational€Union€for€€source€materials€from€the€RWDSU€Record,€toÌñ)ñÌÌñ)ñLabour€Canada€for€microfilms€of€these€€reproductions,€to€the€SocialÌñ*ñÌÌñ*ñSciences€and€Humanties€Research€Council€of€Canada€for€€financialÌñ+ñÌÌñ+ñassistance,€to€David€Young€for€data€collection,€and€to€Mike€Sosteric,Ìñ,ñÌÌñ,ñeditor€of€the€€EJS,€for€his€help€with€setting€up€hypertext€andÌñ-ñÌÌñ-ñhypermedia.Ìñ.ñÌÌÌñ.ñÌ€€The€quality€of€many€photos€and€cartoons€in€this€article€is€affected€by€the€Ìfact€that€many€are€copies€taken€off€microfilms€of€the€RWDSU€Record,€Ìthe€union€newspaper€of€the€Retail,€Wholesale€and€Department€Store€Union.€Ì€In€many€cases,€the€photos€it€published€were,€in€turn,€copies€of€originals€Ìcollected€from€a€variety€of€amateur€sources€during€the€1950s€and€1960s.€ÌFor€all€these€reasons,€it€was€not€possible€to€attain€the€high€standards€Ìof€contemporary€graphics€and€photography.€€Ìñ/ñÌÌÌÌñ/ññ0ñÌñ0ñ€The€WINHELP€version€of€this€article,€distributed€by€the€EJS,€Ìhas€a€richer€€hypermedia€format€that€contains€sound.€Ì€However,€it€only€runs€on€a€PC€with€Windows.€Ìñ1ñÌÌñ1ñÌThe€present€ASCII€form€of€this€article€does€not€contain€any€graphics.€ÌThese€are€available€only€in€the€WINHELP€and€HTML€versions.€ÌÌ________________________________________________€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€ÌÌÌÌÌñ2ñÐ  D!” Ðñ2ññ3ñÌÌñ3ñà  àà ` àABSTRACTÌÌÌÌñ4ñÌÌÌñ4ñSocial€change€is€rarely€linear,€balanced,€€orÌñ5ñÌÌÌñ5ñevolutionary.€€The€transition€from€patriarchy€to€€feminism€is€one€ofÌñ6ñÌÌÌñ6ñmany€such€examples.€€Using€a€trade€union€organization€(The€Retail,€Ìñ7ñÌÌÌñ7ñWholesale,€and€Department€Store€Union€in€the€United€States€and€Canada)Ìñ8ñÌÌÌañ8ññ9ñañ9ñs€a€case€study,€€this€paper€employs€a€mult-media€approach,€combiningÌñ:ñÌÌÌñ:ñtext,€sound,€and€graphics,€to€€illustrate€the€uneven€withering€away€ofÌñ;ñÌÌÌñ;ñpatriarchy,€and€the€tentative€and€uncertain€€emergence€of€€liberal€andÌñ<ñÌÌÌñ<ñtrade€union€feminism€between€1954€and€1986.€€Drawing€on€text,€€photos,Ìñ=ñÌÌÌñ=ñand€cartoons€from€the€union€newspaper€in€the€areas€of€domestic€and€wageÌñ>ñÌÌÌñ>ñlabour,€€sexism,€sexual€harassment,€pinups,€beauty€contests,€misogyny,€Ìñ?ñÌÌÌñ?ñinternal€union€activities,€€women's€union€organizing,€day€care,Ìñ@ñÌÌÌñ@ñmaternity€leave,€gender€discrimination,€and€non-€traditional€work,€€anÌñAñÌÌÌñAñinterregnum€is€demonstrated€during€the€1960s€and€1970s€when€€patriarchyÌñBñÌÌÌñBñand€feminism€experienced€a€contradictory€and€unstable€co-existence;€thisÌñCñÌÌÌñCñ€€divided€the€1950s€when€patriarchy€dominated,€from€the€1980s,€whenÌñDñÌÌÌñDñliberal€and€trade€€union€feminism€made€their€tentative€appearance.€€TheÌñEñÌÌÌñEñwithering€away€of€patriarchy€was€€more€pronounced€than€the€growth€of€oneÌñFñÌÌÌñFñor€more€feminisms.€€Feminism€did€not€replace€ÌñGñÌÌÌñGñpatriarchy€as€much€as€it€continued€to€co-exist€with€its€€latent€,€andÌñHñÌÌÌñHñsometimes,€manifest€€forms.€€ÌÌÌÌ€€€€€€€€€ÌÌÌÌÌñIñÐ  0"€  ÐñIñ______________________________________________Ìà  àÌà  àTABLE€OF€CONTENTSÌ€€€ÌÌ€€I.€€INTRODUCTION€(para.€1-11)ÌÌ€II.€PATRIARCHAL€BUREAUCRACY€(para.€12)€ÌÌà  àA.€€International€€(para.€13-16)€ÌÌà  àB.ñJñÌñJñ€€Canada€€(€para.€17)€ÌÌÌ€III.€€HISTORY€OF€PATRIARCHAL€UNIONISM€(para.€18)ÌÌà  àA.€€SEXISM€€(para.€19)€ÌÌà  àà ` à1.€€Pinups€€(para.€20-26)€ÌÌà  àà ` à2.€€Union€beautyÌ€contests€€(para.€27-32)€ÌÌà  àà ` à3.€€Sexual€harassment€€€€€(para.€33)€ÌÌà  àà ` àà ¸ ài)€€Age€(para.€34)€ÌÌ€à  àà ` àà ¸ àii)€€Game€of€chase€€€€(para.€35)€Ð ”ä ÐÌà  àà ` àà ¸ àiii)€€Women's€positive€response€(para.€36)€ÌÌà  àà ` àà ¸ àiv)€€Lack€of€punishment€(para.€37)€ÌÌà  àà ` àà ¸ àv)€€Gendered€family€attitudes€(para.€38)€ÌÌà  àà ` àà ¸ àvi)€€Handome€men€(para.€39)€ÌÌà  àà ` àà ¸ àvii)€€Wealthy€men€(para.€40)€ÌÌà  àà ` àà ¸ àviii)€€Humane€workplace€(para.€41)€ÌÌà  àà ` àà ¸ àix)€€Union€organizers€(para.€42)€ÌÌà  àà ` àà ¸ àx)€€Clothes€(para.€43)€ÌÐ @-(, Ðà  àà ` àà ¸ àxi)€€The€seductress€(para.€44)€ÌÌà  àà ` àConclusions€€(para.€45)€ÌÌÌÐ @-(, Ðà  àB.€€DOMESTIC€(para.€46)€ÌÌà  àà ` à1.€€Socialization€of€children€(para.€47)€ÌÌà  àà ` à2.€€Traditional€household€(para.€48)€ÌÌà  àà ` àà ¸ ài)€€Gendered€division€of€labour€(para.€49)€ÌÌà  àà ` àà ¸ àii)€€Men's€refusal€to€do€`women's€work'€(para.€50)€ÌÌà  àà ` àà ¸ àiii)€€'Nagging'€wife€(para.€51)€ÌÌà  àà ` àà ¸ àiv)€€Union€lessons€for€housewives€(para.€52)€ÌÌà  àà ` àà ¸ àv)€€Food€and€feminine€beauty€(para.€53)€ÌÌà  àà ` àà ¸ àvi)€€Gender€of€cars€(para.€54)€ÌÌà  àà ` àà ¸ àvii)€€Women's€dependence€on€men€(para.€55)€ÌÌà  àà ` àà ¸ àviii)€€Women€as€breeding€machines€(para.€56)€ÌÌà  àà ` àà ¸ à€ix)€€Women€working€outside€the€home€(para.€57)€ÌÌà  àà ` àà ¸ à€x)€€Threat€to€the€traditional€family€(para.€58)€ÌÌ€à  àà ` àà ¸ àxi)€Alimony€(para.€59)€Ð ¨ø ÐÌ€à  àà ` àConclusion€(para.€60)€Ð €Ð ÐÌà  àà ` à€3.€€Family€wage€(para.€61)€ÌÌà  àà ` àà ¸ à€i)€€Male€control€(para.€62)€ÌÌà  àà ` àà ¸ à€ii)€€Female€irrationality€(para.€63)€ÌÌà  àà ` àà ¸ àiii)€€Distribution€(para.€64)€ÌÌà  àà ` àà ¸ à€iv)€€Gifts€€(para.€65)€ÌÌà  àà ` àà ¸ àv)€€Allowance€(para.€66)€ÌÌà  àà ` àConclusion€(para.€67)€ÌÌ€à  àà ` à4.€€Misogyny:€female€domination€(para.€68-71)€Ð @-(, ЇÌà  àC.€€TRADE€UNION€(para.€72)€ÌÌà  àà ` à1.€€Union€wives€(para.€73-77)€ÌÌà  àà ` à2.€€Anti-union€women€(para.€78-79)€ÌÌà  àà ` à€3.€€Sexuality€as€a€union€tool€€(para.€80)€ÌÌà  àà ` àà ¸ ài)€€Passivism€€(para.€81-82)€ÌÌà  àà ` àà ¸ àii)€€Activism€(para.€83)€€ÌÌà  àà ` àà ¸ àà  à€a)€€organizing€drives€€(para.€84-85)€ÌÌà  àà ` àà ¸ àà  àb)€€union€meetings€(para.€86)€ÌÌà  àà ` àà ¸ àà  àc)€€negotiations€€(para.€87)€ÌÌà  àà ` àà ¸ àConclusions€(para.€88)€ÌÌÌÌÌ€IV.€€EMERGENT€FEMINISM€€(para.€89-90)€ÌÌà  à€A.€€Double€Day:€Parental€Care€ofÌ€Children€(para.€91)€ÌÌà  àà ` à1.€€Wages€for€mothers€(para.€92)€€ÌÌà  àà ` à2.€€Maternity€leave€(para.€93-98)€ÌÌà  àà ` à3.€€Day€care€(para.€99)€ÌÌà  àB.€€Wage€Labour€€(para.€100)€ÌÌà  àà ` à1.€€Job€discrimination€(para.€101)€€ÌÌà  àà ` à2.€€Non-traditional€work€(para.€102)€ÌÌà  àà ` à€3.€€Pay€equity€(para.€103-108)€€ÌÌ€à  àC.€€Women's€union€organizing€€(para.€109)€€€Ð T,¤'+ ÐÐ @-(, ÐV.€€CONCLUSIONS€(para.€110-111)€ÌÌÌFOOTNOTES€ÌÌÌÌGRAPHIC€TABLE€OF€CONTENTS€(clickable€image€maps)€€Ìà  à(available€only€in€WINHELP€and€HTML€versions)ÌÌà  àTheory€Map€(Main€Conceptual€Overview)€ÌÌ€à  àÐ À  ÐDomestic€€MenuÌÌà  àHousehold€€Menu€€Ìà  àFamily€Wage€€MenuÌÌ€à  àSexism€Menu€€€Ð H˜ Ðà  àSexual€HarassmentÌ€€Menu€ÌÌ€€à  àTradeÐ øH ЀUnion€MenuÌÌ€à  àDouble€Day€Menu€€Ð ¼  Ðà  àWage€Labour€Menu€ÌÌTIMELINEÌÌ€TABLE€OF€CONTENTS€(clickable€image€maps)€€€€€Ìà  à(available€only€in€WINHELP€and€HTML€versions)ÌÌà  àMain€TimeLineÌ€€(Main€Conceptual€Overview)€€€€Ìà  àSex€€Time€€€€€€€ÌÌ€€€à  àDomestic€€TimeÐ Ì&"% ÐÌ€€€€€à  àWage€€Labour€TimeÐ ¤(ô#' ÐÌ€€€€€à  àTrade€Union€Time€€Ð |*Ì%) ÐÌ_______________________________________________________ÌÐ @-(, ЇÌà  àà ` à€€I.€€INTRODUCTIONÌÌ(1)à  àIn€sociology,€linear€evolutionary€models€of€change€distort€the€Ð tÄ ÐÌcontradictory€complexity€€of€underlying€social€proceesses.€€We€may€€beÌÌcaptivated€by€the€simplicity€of€models€that€€project€a€unilinear€€andÌÌhomogeneous€progression€from€rural€to€urban€societies,€from€€ÌÌgemeinshaft€to€gesellshaft,€from€mechanical€to€organic€solidarity,€€orÌÌfrom€pre-industrial€to€€industrial€to€post-industrial€societies.€€€TheÌÌmaterialist€thesis€and€antithesis€of€the€€contradictory€€dialectic€inÌÌthe€revolutionary€change€from€primitive€to€slave€to€€feudal€to€ÌÌcapitalist€to€socialist€and€to€communist€society€should€€appeal€more€toÌÌus€as€grounded€€sociologists.€€Yet€even€this€model€€has€collapsed€underÌÌthe€weight€of€contradictory€modes€€of€production€€in€any€given€societyÌÌas€well€as€the€possibility€of€reversals€(such€€as€the€€currentÌÌdismantling€of€the€welfare€state€in€advanced€€capitalist€societies)€andÌÌ'stage-€skipping'€(such€as€the€€technologically€sophisticatedÌÌpost-industrial€revolution€now€€€occurring€in€some€previouslyÌÌunderdeveloped€areas€of€the€world).€€ÌÌÌÌ(2)à  àThe€resistance€to€simplistic€'stagism'€becomes€all€the€greater€Ð Ì&"% ÐÌwhen€we€add€other€€dimensions,€such€as€gender,€to€what€was€€previouslyÌÌthought€to€be€THE€fundamental€€variable€--€social€class.€€€InÌÌperiods€of€rapid€social€change,€such€as€our€own,€patriarchal€€€ideas€andÌÐ @-(, Ðpractices€survive€longer€in€some€parts€of€an€€organization,€whileÌÌfeminist€ideas€€and€practices€take€hold€€elsewhere.€Across€anÌÌorganization,€rates€of€change€vary:€€€€patriarchy€may€deteriorate,€orÌÌre-emerge,€at€different€speeds€in€€each€part;€feminism€may€€alsoÌÌadvance,€or€be€reversed,€at€different€€rates€in€each€part.€€€ParticularÌÌareas€of€€organizations€are€thus€in€€different€stages€of€transitionÌÌbetween€patriarchy€and€feminism,€€€though€one€may€not€want€to€resort€toÌÌa€stage€model€as€the€backlash€€from€patriarchy€€asserts€itself€inÌÌseveral€areas.€€Regardless€of€€one's€model,€the€gender€profile€of€ÌÌorganizations€today€resembles€€more€a€multi-coloured€quilt€than€theÌÌdualism€of€the€€Indonesian€€flag.€ÌÌÌÌ(3)€€€€€These€comments€apply€to€almost€all€organizations,€among€which€ÌÌare€trade€unions.€€€The€women's€movement€and€feminists€have€€castigatedÌÌtrade€unions€for€their€historical€€patriarchal€€structures,€ideologies,ÌÌand€practices,€though€evidence€of€feminist€€struggles€in€€early€tradeÌÌunions€has€also€been€noted.€€€FN_1€€€€€Evolutionary€models€of€a€gradual€€transitionÌÌamong€unions€from€a€€patriarchal€past€to€a€feminist€present€have€usuallyÌÌbeen€€rejected€€in€favour€of€conflict€models€highlighting€the€strugglesÌÌof€women€in€€general,€and€€feminists€in€particular,€in€the€labourÌÌmovement€€against€the€patriarchal€residues€of€the€past€€which€continueÌÌto€€influence€present€practices,€structures€and€ideas.€€FN_2€€ÌThis€€means€€that€any€depiction€of€theÌÐ @-(, Ðmovement€from€trade€union€€patriarchy€to€feminism€will€be€a€ÌÌmulti-coloured€quilt€of€strong€€patriarchy€in€some€areas,€significantÌÌinroads€by€feminism€in€€€others,€and€a€'garden€variety'€€of€patriarchyÌÌand€feminism€in€still€€other€areas.€ÌÌÌÌ(4)€€à  à'Feminism€'€and€'patriarchy',€like€many€terms€bridging€Ð è 8  ÐÌpolitical€and€scientific€€discourses,€are€heavily€laden€with€€multipleÌÌideological€meanings.€€Many€groups€have€€staked€out€€prescribed€(andÌÌproscribed)€definitions,€€meanings,€and€usages€for€€these€€terms.€ÌÌScientific€analysis€can€benefit€from€this,€but€can€€also€be€corrupted€byÌÌit.€€The€€theoretical/political€distinctions€€among€marxist,€socialist,ÌÌradical,€liberal,€and€cultural€€currents€€of€feminism€may€initiallyÌÌsensitize€one€to€particular€ways€of€€viewing€sex€and€€gender€relations,ÌÌbut€can€also€erect€roadblocks€to€€more€nuanced€analyses.€€Although€ÌÌsocialist€feminists€have€critiqued€€some€radical€feminists€forÌÌemphasizing€biological€aspects€€of€€sex/gender€relations,€and€whileÌÌradical€feminists€have€castigated€€some€socialist€€feminists€for€aÌÌmonocausal€fixation€on€class,€what€€are€we€to€do€with€the€incorporationÌÌof€€€biological€constraints€in€€some€socialist€feminist€theories,€andÌÌthe€use€of€(sex€or€gender)€€€classes€among€some€radical€feminists.€ÌÌAdditionally,€the€political€€praxis€of€many€feminists€€is€built€onÌÌcoalitions€and€alliances€(as€€in€the€day€care€and€pro-choice€movements)ÌÌthat€€cross€theoretical€€/political€categories€of€liberal,€radical€andÐ @-(, Їsocialist.€€€Liberal€€feminists€€have€often€been€accused€of€seekingÌÌsolutions€for€gender€€inequality€only€in€socialization,€€education€andÌÌthe€law.€€But€what€€are€we€to€make€of€the€campaign€by€socialistÌÌfeminists€€inside€the€€labour€movement€to€hold€workshops€and€seminars€toÌÌteach€women€the€€niceties€€of€labour€law€and€the€skills€of€collectiveÌÌbargaining€and€€leadership?€€Education€and€law€are€€central€ingredientsÌÌin€such€€campaigns.ÌÌÌÌ€(5)€Likewise€the€term€'patriarchy'€comes€laden€with€€ideologicalÌÌbaggage€and€political€€stakeholding.€€While€socialist€€feminists€used€toÌÌridicule€radical€feminists€for€investing€'the€€€enemy'€(all€men)€with€aÌÌterm€('patriarchy')€that€was€trans-€€historical,€timeless€and€€universalÌÌand€therefore€useless€for€€political€organizing€and€scientific€analyses,ÌÌmany€radical€€€feminists€have€employed€'patriarchy'€to€analyze€specificÌÌhistorical€€societies€and€culture-€bound€phenomena,€and€some€socialistÌÌfeminists€€have€hyphenated€capitalism€with€€'patriarchal'€('patriarchal€ÌÌcapitalism').€€The€preference€by€some€socialist€feminists€for€a€€€termÌÌlike€'masculine€dominance'€masks€common€underlying€dimensions,€€such€asÌÌmale€€power,€which€it€shares€with€'patriarchy.'€€None€of€€thisÌÌdiscussion€denies€the€fundamental€€orientational€differences€€amongÌÌfeminist€currents€and€practices.€€It€is€merely€to€note€the€€ÌÌconsiderable€complexity€that€lies€beneath€the€surface€of€simple€ÌÌcategorizations.€€Ð @-(, ЇÌÌ(6)€€€€€€Data€depicting€such€complexity€in€the€labour€movement€come€in€ÌÌmany€forms€--€€quantitative€surveys€of€unions,€qualitative€analysis€€ofÌÌopen-ended€interviews€with€union€€activists,€or€analysis€of€€archivalÌÌdocuments€over€a€period€of€time.€€€Still€another€data€€€source€comesÌÌunder€the€rubric€of€'visual€sociology'.€€The€€historical€mix€ofÌÌpatriarchy€and€€feminism€can€be€expressed€through€€pictures,ÌÌphotographs,€graphics,€and€cartoons.€€These€€visual€€expressions€can€beÌÌtaken€as€a€barometer€of€transitions€and€€reversals€between€€patriarchyÌÌand€feminism€in€different€areas€of€€trade€union€practices,€structures,ÌÌand€€ideologies.€€In€the€present€€paper,€the€textual€thematic€analysisÌÌof€such€material€is€carried€€€out€utilizing€two€capabilities€of€theÌÌelectronic€medium:€€hypertext,€€linking€one€text€to€€another;ÌÌand,€hypermedia,€linking€text,€€graphics,€and€sound.€€ÌÌÌÌ(7)€€€Erving€Goffman's€'GENDER€€ADVERTISEMENTS'€€€€€€€FN_3€€€€Ìis€also€an€example€of€€€'visual€sociology',€but€was€published€before€Ìthe€advent€of€€electronic€journals.ÌÌ€So€his€€work,€unlike€the€present€paper,€could€€not€benefit€fromÌÌhypertext€and€hypermedia.€€More€€importantly,€there€€are€two€substantiveÌÌand€sociological€differences€between€his€work€€and€€the€present.€€First,ÌÌhe€analyzes€his€photographs€at€a€€microscopic€level€such€as€body€ÌÌposition,€hand€movements,€nuzzling,€€and€eyes€drifting,€despite€someÌÌinitial€statements€€professing€an€€interest€in€'social€structure'.€IÐ @-(, Їanalyze€mine€linking€the€€microscopic€to€the€€macroscopic.€€€Themes€inÌÌphotographs€and€€cartoons€are€symptomatic€of€structures€of€€patriarchyÌÌand€feminism€€in€trade€union€organizations.€€Thus,€I€pay€less€attentionÌÌto€body€€€position€as€an€interest€itself€than€what€it€may€tell€us€about€ÌÌlarger€social€structures.€€€Second,€€Goffman's€photographs€in€€'GENDERÌÌADVERTISEMENTS'€are€timeless,€though€€they€are€taken€from€a€ÌÌparticular€period€of€history.€€But€time€is€not€a€factor€in€his€ÌÌanalysis.€€€Mine€places€time€at€the€centre€of€the€analysis;€it€is€€theÌÌ'transitions'€from€patriarchy€to€€feminism€between€1954€and€1986€€thatÌÌprovide€the€link€between€the€two€gender€€structures€in€the€€paper.ÌÌÌÌ(8)€€€€€€Data€for€this€paper€are€taken€primarily€from€the€'RWDSUÌÌRECORD',€the€major€labour€€paper€of€the€€€Retail,€Wholesale€andÌÌDepartment€Store€Union,€which€operated€in€the€€United€States€and€€CanadaÌÌfrom€1937€until€1994€when€it€merged€with€the€United€Food€and€€ÌÌCommercial€Workers€Union€in€the€United€States€and€the€United€ÌÌSteelworkers€of€America€in€€Canada.€€It€represented€workers€€primarilyÌÌin€wholesale€and€retail€food,€health€care€(in€the€€United€€States€only),ÌÌdepartment€stores,€and€some€manufacturing€plants.€€It€€was€a€ÌÌcomparatively€small€union,€increasing€its€international€€membership€fromÌÌ40,000€in€1937,€€when€it€was€founded€through€a€split€€with€the€RetailÌÌClerks€International€Association,€to€a€€high€of€€about€250,000€in€1984.€ÌÌBut€the€influence€of€its€labour€press€far€€exceeded€its€€membership:€theÐ @-(, Ї'RWDSU€RECORD'€received€numerous€€newspaper€awards,€and€its€ÌÌarticles€and€graphics€were€reprinted€by€€other€labour€papers,€increasingÌÌthe€scope€of€its€€ideological€€influence.€€ÌÌÌÌ(9)à  à€This€paper€is€organized€textually€and€graphically.€€Readers/viewersÐ  ` ÐÌthus€have€the€€option€to€gain€rapid€access€to€all€parts€of€the€paper€byÌÌusing€either€a€text-based€table€of€€contents€displayed€in€the€top€halfÌÌof€the€TOC€file,€€or€by€a€graph-based€€menu€or€time-organized€table€Ìof€contents€displayedÌ€in€the€bottom€half€of€the€TOC€file.€€€€ÌThe€graphical€table€of€contentsÌ€consists€of€two€branches:€aÌÌconceptual€branch€that€allows€€the€reader€to€visually€grasp€theÌÌlogical€relations€among€the€major€concepts€and€€simultaneouly€access€allÌÌparts€of€the€paper€from€this€visual€display€of€conceptual€logic;€€and,€aÌÌtime€branch€(described€more€fully€in€the€next€paragraph)€that€focuses€onÌÌthe€time€€sequence€of€the€major€concepts€and€simultaneously€providingÌÌthe€reader€with€a€different€€access€to€all€parts€of€the€paper).€€€TheÌÌfirst€branch,€containing€the€logical€conceptual€€apparatus€of€the€paper,ÌÌlocates€sexism€at€the€€centre€of€the€intersection€of€three€spheres€--€€Ìdomestic,€wage€labour,€and€trade€unions.€€This€is€depicted€in€the€Ìhypergraph€€called€the€THEORY€MAP.€€€€€It€branches€off€into€Ìthree€main€graphical€menus€--€the€€'DOMESTIC€MENU',€€€€€€Ìthe€€'WAGE€LABOUR€MENU',€€and€the€€€'TRADE€UNION€MENU'.€€€ÌThere€€are€also€secondary€links€(leading€to€the€main€text€or€other€Ìgraphical€menus)€between€wage€€labour€and€trade€unions€Ì('WOMEN'S€UNION€ORGANIZING'),€the€domestic€€and€wage€€Ìlabour€spheres€('DOUBLE€DAY€OF€LABOUR'),€and€the€domestic€€and€trade€unionÌÌ€spheres€('UNION€WIVES').€€Clicking€on€any€of€the€concepts€(hotspots)€inÐ @-(, Їthe€graphical€€menus€will€take€you€to€the€relevant€sub-menus€and€€fromÌÌthence€to€the€text€of€the€paper.€€€This€is€merely€one€means€by€€whichÌÌhypermedia€can€help€to€explicate€the€theoretical€€structure€of€€a€paper.ÌÌ€Another€means€is€by€clicking€through€the€other€main€graphical€€branchÌÌbased€on€the€concept€of€time€and€transitions€(outlinedÌÌin€the€next€paragraph).€€You€€can,€of€course,€jump€back€and€forthÌÌbetween€the€two€branches,€and€from€there€to€the€text€€table€of€contents.ÌÌÌÌ(10)€€€In€this€paper,€a€homogeneous€linear€evolution€from€a€ÌÌpatriarchal€past€to€a€feminist€€present/future€is€rejected€in€favour€€ofÌÌthe€notion€of€uneven€'transitions'.€€These€are€€depicted€in€theÌÌsecond€graphical€branch,€a€series€of€time-based€hypergraphs€called€Ì€'TIMELINE',€€Ì'SEXTIME',€€€'DOMESTIC€TIME',€€€'WAGE€LABOUR€TIME',€€Ìand€€€'TRADE€UNION€TIME'.€€€The€uneveness€of€the€transitions€fromÌÌpatriarchy€(in€blue)€to€€emergent€feminism€(in€pink)€between€1954€andÌÌthe€present€is€set€in€bold€relief€by€the€€varying€starting€and€endingÌÌpoints€of€the€horizonal€bars.€€€As€a€time-based€graphical€table€€ofÌÌcontents,€they€provide€the€reader€immediate€access€to€all€parts€of€theÌÌarticle.€€€They€€possess€€the€following€characteristics.€ÌÌÌ1.€€Up€to€the€latter€1960s€and€€early€1970s,€the€€RWDSU€wasÌÌpredominantly€patriarchal,€with€emergent€€feminist€practices€and€ideas,€ÌÌespecially€in€the€area€of€wage€€labour.€€ÌÌÐ @-(, Ð2.€€The€various€currents€of€feminism€do€not€€dominate€the€€recent€pastÌÌand€present€in€the€way€patriarchy€dominated€the€distant€€past;€in€€otherÌÌwords,€feminism€is€far€from€institutionalized.€€In€€this€restrictedÌÌsense,€feminist€€currents€have€had€some€influence€€since€the€latterÌÌ1970s.€€This€is€primarily€a€combination€€of€trade€union€feminism€(focusÌÌon€the€rights€of€union€women)€and€liberal€feminism€€(focusing€on€legalÌÌand€equality€rights).€€€Socialist€and€radical€feminism€play€minor€rolesÌÌin€€the€RWDSU.€€€Rather€than€pushing€for€a€socialist€or€feministÌÌrevolution,€RWDSU€€women€€activists€have€focused€on€leadership€trainingÌÌfor€women€union€€members,€the€removal€of€€sex€discrimination€(pay€equityÌÌand€Equal€€Rights€Amendments€Act),€and€legal€changes€€(lobbying€forÌÌpublicly-€€supported€universal€day€care).€€ÌÌÌ3.€€The€transitions€from€€patriarchal€€to€feminist€practices€andÌÌideologies€occur€at€€€different€rates€across€various€issues€within€€theÌÌRetail€Wholesale€€and€Department€Store€Union.€€Patriarchal€sexistÌÌpractices€in€pinups€€€and€beauty€contests€had€essentially€ended€by€theÌÌearly€1960s,€but€€patriarchal€ideologies€€and€practices€in€the€domesticÌÌsphere€€persisted€well€into€the€1980s.€€Liberal€feminist€€emphases€onÌÌgender€€equality€made€their€influence€felt€as€early€as€the€1950s€andÌÌ1960s€€€in€the€sphere€of€wage€labour,€especially€in€pay€equity€and€non-€ÌÌtraditional€work.€ÌÌÌ4.€€The€€1970s€was€the€period€of€the€most€€intense€hiatus€--€perhaps€aÐ @-(, Ї'patriarchal€feminist'€or€€'feminist€€patriarchal'€time.€€PatriarchalÌÌpractices€were€still€strong,€yet€€emergent€feminist€€ideas€madeÌÌthemselves€felt.€€This€is€THE€€prototypical€transition€period.€€ÌÌÌ€(11)€€€€Transitions€do€not€occur€without€struggles€andÌÌresistance.€€€RWDSU€women€activists€€did€struggle€to€tear€down€theÌÌpatriarchal€€barriers€to€their€greater€participation€in€union€€affairs.€ÌÌPart€of€€this€was€persuading€the€'RWDSU€RECORD'€to€portray€aÌÌmore€positive€€€image€of€women.€€There€was€certainly€resistance€toÌÌ'feminist€€incursions'€by€male€union€€officials€and€the€male€editors€atÌÌthe€€RECORD.€€In€the€end,€the€union's€patriarchal€past€was€€not€replacedÌÌ€by€an€equally€strong€feminist€presence.€€Instead,€patriarchal€ÌÌpractices,€€ideologies€and€structures€withered€on€a€hybrid€vine€ÌÌcombining€an€absence€or€vacuum€with€€a€dose€of€liberal€and€trade€unionÌÌfeminism.€€€While€the€more€blatant€sexist€practices,€like€€pinups€andÌÌbeauty€€contests,€vanished,€'milder'€expressions€of€patriarchy€-€likeÌÌthe€€€stereotypical€association€between€women€and€household€labour€-€ÌÌcontinued,€and€€coexisted€with€campaigns€for€legal€gender€equality€€inÌÌwage€work.€€More€assertive€forms€of€€feminism€of€the€socialist€€andÌÌradical€variety€failed€to€become€predominant.ÌÌÌÌÌÌÌà  àII.€€€PATRIARCHAL€BUREAUCRACY€Ð @-(, ЇÌ(12)€€à  àIn€order€to€provide€a€social€structural€context€Ð œì Ðwithin€which€to€understand€theÌÌanalysis€of€€the€graphical€images€to€follow,€it€is€first€necessary€toÌÌbriefly€indicate€the€power€of€women€€and€men€in€the€union€by€theÌÌrelative€positions€they€occupied.€€This€will€be€done€for€the€ÌÌinternational€union,ÌÌfollowed€by€the€union€inÌÌCanada.€€ÌÌÌA.€€INTERNATIONAL€(Patriarchal€Bureaucracy)ÌÌÌÌ(13)à  à€€Throughout€its€history,€the€international€RWDSU€Ð  \ Ðwas€dominated€byÌ€male€€presidents€-€€Irving€M.€Simon,€Samuel€Wolchok,€€€€€€ÌMax€€Greenberg,€and€Alvin€E.€Heaps.€€€These€men€were€not€elected,€then€defeatedÌÌand€re-elected.€€Rather,€they€held€office€for€€fairly€long€andÌÌuninterrupted€terms.€€Wolchok€was€president€for€the€11€years€between€ÌÌ1937€and€1948,€Greenberg€for€the€21€years€between€1954€and€1975,€andÌÌHeaps€for€the€€10€years€between€1976€and€1986.€€FN_4€€€However,€compared€Ìto€Max€Greenberg,€Heaps'€€stay€in€the€president's€office€was€relatively€shortlived€-€Ìonly€ten€years€-€cutÌ€short€by€an€€untimely€death€in€September,€1986.€€ÌThis€unexpected€eventÌ€suddenly€propelled€the€first€€woman,€ÌRWDSU€secretary-treasurer€LenoreÌ€Miller,€into€the€president's€office.€€FN_5€€€ÌShe€€had€served€a€long€apprentice€and,€because€of€herÌÌextensive€knowledge€of€the€inner€€workings€of€the€union,€was€the€onlyÌÌ'logical'€choice€to€become€president.€€She€proved€that€€she€had€'earnedÐ @-(, Їher€spurs.'€€During€her€28€years€on€the€RWDSU€staff,€she€had€been€€a€ÌÌlocal€union€Secretary€Treasurer,€Pension€Plan€Trustee,€assistant€to€theÌÌpresident€of€€the€€international€RWDSU,€a€member€of€the€internationalÌÌExecutive€Board,€and€€international€€secretary€treasurer€since€herÌÌappointment€by€Heaps€in€1980.€€Miller€was€€also€a€board€€member€of€theÌÌAFL€CIO's€Food€and€Service€Trades€Department€and€Department€€of€ÌÌProfessional€Employees,€and€of€the€International€Union€of€Food€andÌÌAllied€Workers.€€€She€€had€served€as€Secretary€Treasurer€and€ChairpersonÌÌof€the€Secretary€Treasurer's€€Conference€of€the€AFL€CIO,€and€on€manyÌÌcommittees€of€the€AFL€CIO.€€€FN_6€€€Women€who€€wanted€to€€break€through€the€maleÌÌcontrol€of€the€RWDSU€apparently€had€to€integrate€€themselves€into€itsÌÌpatriarchal€structure€and€ingratiate€themselves€to€its€male€members,€ÌÌwithout€challenging€the€sexist€€assumptions€on€which€they€held€power.€ÌÌFor€example,€in€€1959,€the€€'RWDSU€RECORD'€€published€a€`pin-up'€of€LenoreÌMiller€in€a€seductive€pose,€€flowing€hair,€white€bathing€suit,€Ìand€high€heeled€shoes,€with€the€caption:ÌÌ"Pretty€Lenore€€Miller€urges:€drive€carefully€on€your€vacation."€ÌÌFN_7€€By€this€time,€she€had€already€moved€€onto€the€staff€that€serviced€theÌÌRWDSU€international€executive.€In€her€new€€position€as€€president€in€1986,€ÌMiller€was€surrounded€by€a€sea€of€men€on€both€the€Executive€Board€and€€General€Council.€€ÌÌÌÌ€€(14)€€à  àà ` àTaking€a€long€historical€perspective,€the€proportion€of€womenÐ ¤(ô#' ÐÌamong€the€€RWDSU€membership€at€the€€international€level€(US€and€CanadaÌÌcombined)€climbed€from€15€€per€cent€in€1952€to€40€per€cent€in€1974.€€ÌÐ @-(, ÐBetween€1954€and€1966,€there€were€no€€women€among€its€senior€officers€orÌÌon€its€International€Executive€Board,€the€highest€€decision-making€bodyÌÌof€the€union.€€FN_8€€In€1970,€women€constituted€on€average€only€six€€per€cent€of€theÌÌcommittees€of€the€International€Convention.€€FN_9ÌÌ€€There€was€some€€improvement€in€1974€when€women€accounted€forÌÌan€average€24€per€cent€of€the€€committees€at€the€InternationalÌÌConvention,€although€their€underrepresentation€continued.€€€€FN_10€€€ÌIn€that€year,€there€was€only€€one€woman€in€the€32ÌÌpositions€on€the€International€€Executive€Board€(a€3.1€per€cent€ÌÌrepresentation),€and€none€among€its€senior€officers€and€€officials.ÌÌFN_11€€Several€RWDSU€€women€used€such€underrepresentationÌto€push€a€€resolution€through€at€the€union's€June,€€1974,€Ìinternational€convention,€urging€"more€€active€roles€for€women€at€all€Ìlevels€of€€union€leadership,Ì€including€employment€at€full€time€€Ìpositions€within€the€union."€FN_12€€€In€the€floor€debate€on€the€Ìresolution,€speakers€Ì€congratulated€one€another€over€the€large€number€Ìof€women€occupyingÌ€leadership€positions€€in€their€respective€local€Ìorganizations.€€EleanorÌ€Tilson€pointed€out€that€women€occupied€6€€Ìof€the€12€full-time€staffÌ€positions€in€her€local,€New€York's€United€Store€Workers,€Ìand€"over€€75Ì€per€cent€of€our€local€officers€and€stewards€are€women".€€Hank€AndersonÌÌboasted€that,€€at€this€convention,€women€comprised€more€than€half€of€theÌÌdelegates€from€his€€organization,€the€Chicago€Joint€Board.€€He€addedÌÌthat€"some€of€the€best€pickets€on€the€€picket€lines€are€women,€and€someÌÌof€the€toughest€pickets€on€that€picket€line€are€women.€€€Usually€whenÌÌyou€want€a€job€done€on€that€picket€line,€or€in€the€strike,€you€can€feelÐ @-(, Їsure€it€€is€going€to€be€done€where€there€is€a€woman€handling€aÌÌparticular€job."€€Al€Meloni€proudly€€noted€that€women€fill€8€of€10ÌÌpositions€in€Philadelphia€Local€1034€(of€which€he€was€€president).€ÌÌWhile€these€statements€struck€a€positive€chord,€Eleanor€Tilson€felt€thatÌÌshe€had€€to€correct€a€misconception€among€the€delegates€that€this€was€aÌÌresolution€on€'women's€€lib';€€rather,€it€was€a€resolution€"on€a€veryÌÌimportant€segment€of€the€trade€union€€movement,€trade€union€women.'ÌÌAlthough€the€resolution€passed,€delegates€did€not€deal€€with€women'sÌÌlack€of€representation€at€the€highest€reaches€of€the€internationalÌÌRWDSU.€€FN_13€€€Under€a€1973€agreement€District€1199,€the€€ÌNational€Union€of€Hospital€and€Health€€Care€EmployeesÌ(RWDSU's€largest€division)€was€saddled€with€aÌÌreduced€representation€on€€the€RWDSU€Executive€Board€and€€GeneralÌÌCouncil€as€a€tradeoff€for€its€privilege€of€being€a€€semi€autonomous€unitÌÌthat€€contributed€only€one€quarter€of€the€normal€per€capita€dues€to€€theÌÌinternational.€FN_14€€€€€Given€the€fact€that€1199€accounted€for€Ìapproximately€€42€per€€cent€of€total€RWDSU€membership€in€1974,€Ìand€70€to€80€per€cent€of€1199€consisted€of€€women€(mostly€black€and€hispanic),€Ìthe€political€power€of€a€substantial€proportion€of€€women€in€Ìthe€union€had€been€seriouslyÌ€eroded.€€FN_15ÌÌÌÌ(15)€€à  àBy€1978,€even€though€women€still€constituted€40€per€cent€of€theÐ Ì&"% ÐÌrank€and€€file€membership,€their€representation€on€RWDSU's€InternationalÌÌExecutive€Board€and€€General€Council€had€increased€only€slightly€to€8ÌÌper€cent€after€the€addition€of€two€more€€women.€FN_16€€With€few€exceptions,€Ìthroughout€the€1970s€RWDSUÐ @-(, Ѐwomen€who€sought€€policy€making€€Ìpositions€in€the€labour€movement€had€toÌ€go€outside€their€own€union.€€€ÌSeveral€RWDSU€women€€held€leadership€roles€in€the€Coalition€of€Labour€Union€ÌWomen€€(CLUW)€(the€inter-union€bodyÌ€pushing€for€women's€rights€in€the€ÌAmerican€labour€€movement),€evenÌ€though€they€were€excluded€from€the€Ìhighest€offices€€of€the€RWDSU.€Ì€FN_17€ÌÌThe€RWDSU€urged€its€women€members€to€join€CLUW,€and€supported€its€ÌÌprogramme€for€organizing€the€unorganized€and€increasing€jobÌÌopportunities€for€women,€but€€€did€not€act€on€its€demand€for€aÌÌsubstantial€increase€in€women€at€its€most€senior€€positions.€€€FN_18€€ÌDuring€the€1970s,€the€union€regularly€carried€newsÌÌof€CLUW€activities€€in€the€€'Record',€including€involvement€of€its€ownÌÌwomen€members;€FN_19€€€this€€practice€ended€€after€the€mid-1980s,€Ìeven€though€other€labourÌ€organizations€still€€reported€on€CLUW,€€FN_20€€Ìand€there€does€not€appear€to€have€been€any€moreÌÌresolutions€€passed€in€support€of€€CLUW.€€During€the€late€1970s€andÌÌearly€1980s,€there€developed€a€€glaring€contradiction€€between,€on€theÌÌone€hand€RWDSU€women€attending€women's€trade€union€conferences€€devotedÌÌto€feminist€consciousness€raising€and€discussions€of€employmentÌÌinequities€and€€ways€of€gaining€greater€access€to€trade€union€offices,ÌÌand€on€the€other€hand€the€lack€of€€access€by€RWDSU€women€€to€their€ownÌÌInternational€Executive€Board€and€General€Council.€€FN_21€€€€€ÌÌÌÌ(16)€€€€€€€In€1980€when€the€RWDSU€secretary€treasurer€Frank€ParkerÌÐ @-(, Ðretired,€the€Executive€€€Board€appointed€Lenore€Miller,€then€viceÌÌpresident€and€Heaps'€administrative€assistant,€€to€€replace€him.€ÌÌPresident€Alvin€Heaps€proudly€announced€that€this€appointment€"...has€ÌÌput€€our€union€in€the€forefront€of€those€organizations€that€are€openingÌÌpositions€of€€leadership€to€€women."€FN_22€€€However,€the€Ìunderrepresentation€of€women€at€theÌ€top€persisted€€during€€the€1980s.€€ÌWomen€constituted€only€9€per€cent€ofÌ€the€International€Executive€€Board€€Ìelected€for€the€1982€6€term.€At€theÌ€1982€International€RWDSU€Quadrennial€ÌConvention,€€the€proportion€€of€women€on€various€bodies€fell€to€an€Ìaverage€of€16€per€cent.€FN_23€€€Instead€of€giving€women€€substantial€power€byÌÌinstituting€affirmative€action€in€its€€International€Executive€Board,ÌÌthe€RWDSU€made€a€symbolic€gesture€in€1983€by€appointing€€Shirley€Carr,€Ìthen€Executive€Vice€President€of€theÌ€Canadian€Labour€Congress,€as€Ìhonourary€€vice€president.€FN_24€€The€RWDSU€did€not€set€up€a€Ìwomen's€committee€at€theÌ€€international€€level€until€1986,€long€after€many€Ìother€unions€had€suchÌ€committees€in€place.€€Ì€FN_25€ÌÌÌÌÌÌB.€Canada€(Patriarchal€Bureaucracy)ÌÌÌ€(17)€€à  àThe€loss€of€the€struggle€by€women€in€the€US€for€affirmativeÐ Ì&"% ÐÌaction€in€€the€€leadership€of€the€international€RWDSU€was€reproduced€in€*ÌÌCanada€partly€through€the€€appointment€of€the€Canadian€Director,€and€allÌÌof€its€international€€vice€presidents,€regional€€directors,€andÌÐ @-(, Ðorganizers€by€the€international€€president,€subject€to€the€approval€ofÌÌthe€€Executive€Board€and/or€General€Council€in€the€€US.€FN_26€€ÌDuring€the€1962€82€period,€€women€never€Ìconstituted€more€than€37€per€Ìcent€of€the€RWDSU€membership€in€Canada.€ÌFN_27€ÌÌ€Their€representation€was€much€lower€at€the€higher€levels€of€the€unionÌÌhierarchy,€€although€it€€increased€at€lower€levels.€€€In€Canada,€all€ofÌÌRWDSU's€international€€representatives€(who€numbered€between€9€and€11€inÌÌany€given€year),€as€well€as€the€€Canadian€and€€regional€directors€andÌÌmost€of€the€business€agents,€were€men.€FN_28€€€€There€was€an€Ìunder-representation€of€womenÌ€attending€the€meetings€of€the€Canadian€€ÌDistrict€Council€from€RWDSUÌ€locals€in€Canada.€€In€the€early€1970s,€Ìwomen€made€up€32€€per€cent€of€allÌ€RWDSU€members€in€Canada.€€ÌIn€1972,€they€comprised€only€13€per€cent€of€delegates€and€alternates€Ìattending€the€second€Canadian€District€CouncilÌ€meeting.€FN_29€€€ÌBy€1979,€women€made€up€36€per€cent€of€Canadian€RWDSU€union€members,ÌÌbut€only€17€€per€cent€of€the€delegates€attending€the€1979€CanadianÌÌDistrict€Council€meeting€in€€Moncton,€New€Brunswick.€FN_30€€€ÌIn€1981,€women€made€up€37€per€cent€of€all€RWDSU€ÌÌunion€members€in€Canada,€but€only€11€per€cent€of€the€delegates€attendingÌÌthe€1981€€Canadian€District€Council€meeting€in€Winnipeg,€Manitoba.ÌÌFN_31€ÌÌÌÌÌÌÌà  àIII.€€HISTORY€OF€PATRIARCHAL€UNIONISM€à p àà È àÐ @-(, Ї€(18)€€€During€the€1950s€and€1960s,€the€Retail,ÌÌWholesale€and€Department€Store€Union€practised€what€would€today€beÌÌconsidered€an€extreme€form€of€patriarchy.€€The€union€seemed€to€reflectÌÌthe€patriarchal€practices€of€other€societal€institutions,€such€asÌÌeducation,€the€mass€media,€the€economy,€and€the€family.€€By€the€1970sÌÌand€1980s,€however,€the€RWDSU€dropped€many€of€these€practices,€whileÌÌother€societal€institutions€continued€variations€of€them.€ÌÌÌÌ€A.€€SEXISMÌÌ€€ÌÌ(19)€€Three€aspects€of€sexism€€--€pinups,€union€beautyÌÌcontests,€and€sexual€harassment€--€will€be€examined€directly.€However,ÌÌas€suggested€in€the€TheoryÌÌMap,€sexism€also€overlaps€our€examination€of€other€spheres,€suchÌÌas€the€domestic,€wage€labour,€and€trade€unions.€ÌÌÌÌÌÌ€1.€€PINUPSÌÌ€€ÌÌ(20)€€€Beginning€in€1955,€in€every€issue€of€the€'Record'€the€RWDSUÌÌpublished€soft€pornographic€'pinups'€of€women€that€seemed€designed€toÌÌappeal€to€patriarchal€male€sexual€tastes.€€Photos€of€male€'pinups'€wereÌÌnever€published.€€The€women€usually€wore€skimpy€bathing€suits€orÐ @-(, Їbikinis,€dresses€with€slits€up€to€the€thigh,€black€shoes€with€very€highÌÌand€thin€heels,€tight€sweaters€with€plunging€necklines€emphasizingÌÌprotruding€and€partially€exposed€breasts,€open€blouses€down€to€theÌÌwaist,€garter€belts,€dark€nylon€stockings,€black€negligees,€or€veryÌÌ'short€shorts'.€€The€women€were€extremely€busty,€young,€with€slender€andÌÌtapering€legs.€€So€that€the€pictorial€message€was€not€lost€on€the€maleÌÌunion€reader,€each€photo€was€accompanied€by€a€caption€seemingly€designedÌÌto€connect€the€physical€features€of€the€women€in€the€photos€with€maleÌÌsexual€lust.€Five€specific€themes€appeared€in€the€'pinups'.€€€à p àÐ pÀ ÐÌ€(21)€€€First,€there€appeared€to€be€a€fairly€open€sexual€invitation€in€theÌÌcaptions:€€"Holywood's€Audrey€Flowers€perches€prettily€on€phone€book.€ÌÌAnyone€have€her€number?"€€€FN_32€€€à À àÐ øH ÐÌ(22)€€€Second,€an€association€seemed€to€be€madeÌÌbetween€women€and€animals,€possibly€implying€the€instinctual,€primitiveÌÌnature€of€women,€their€supposed€lack€of€intellectual€development,€orÌÌtheir€duty€to€obediently€serve€male€masters:€"Crowd-stoppers€at€countyÌÌfair€in€Indianna€are€pretty€girls€and€trained€chickens.€€...€StaffingÌÌbooth€at€county€fair€in€Evansville€is€volunteer€Janet€Pruitt.€€BaseballÌÌplaying€chicken€is€named€Casey."€FN_33€€The€union€filled€its€unionÌpaper€with€associations€between€women€and€a€wide€variety€of€Ìanimals,€such€as€rabbits,€horses,€reindeers,€leopards,€and€cows.€€à È àÐ ¸'#& ÐÌ(23)€€Third,€women€were€treated€explicitly€as€physical€objects€in€three€ways.€ÌÌÌ1.€€They€could€be€traded€as€commodities.€€In€a€1956€'pinup'€of€a€blondeÌÐ @-(, Ðwoman€with€the€tops€of€her€breasts€exposed€and€in€a€black,€low-cutÌÌnegligee,€the€caption€read:€"BRITAIN'S€GIFT€TO€U.S.:€Decide€for€yourselfÌÌwho€got€the€better€of€the€swap€when€Diane€Dors€[in€picture]€came€here€asÌÌMarilyn€Monroe€made€eastward€crossing."€FN_34€€ÌÌÌ2.€€Women€seemingly€could€be€dissected€into€parts.€"Dressed€for€theÌÌpart:€All€right,€have€it€your€way,€undressed€for€the€part.€€All€WesternÌÌaddicts€will€recognize€the€authentic€parts€of€Linda€Christal's€outfitÌÌfor€her€role€in€Universal€International's€'The€Western€Story.'€".€ÌÌFN_35€€€The€captions€to€the€photos€portrayed€a€male€Ìsensual/mechanical€object€perspective,€with€an€attention€to€Ìbody€parts€as€brains,€rectum,€breasts,ÌÌarms,€€legs,€€feet,€ankles,€face,€and€hair€.ÌÌÌ3.€€Women€could€be€used€as€stage€props.€€In€one€cartoon€of€a€leggyÌÌactress€dressed€in€a€black,€low-cut€bathing€suit€and€leaning€against€aÌÌhigh€chair,€the€caption€read:€"NICE€PROPS:€And€we€don't€mean€the€highÌÌchair."€€FN_36ÌÌÌÌ(24)€€Fourth,€there€was€an€integration€of€the€photos€with€theÌÌUS€entertainment€world.€€Many€were€of€women€actresses€in€various€stagesÌÌof€undress€who€had€or€were€about€to€appear€in€Holywood-produced€films.ÌÌFor€example,€the€RECORD€noted€that€Mamie€Van€Doren,€besides€displaying€Ìtalents€at€singing,Ì€dancing€and€performing€rodeo€riding€tricks,€Ìappeared€in€the€film,€"BornÌ€Reckless".€€€€€à ` àÐ @-(, Ї(25)€€€Fifth,€perhaps€as€a€legitimation€for€theirÌÌpublication,€the€RWDSU€pointed€out€that€many€of€the€women€were€membersÌÌof€the€Screen€Actors€Guild,€and€thus€union€members.€€ÌÌ(26)€€The€publication€of€the€'pinups'€in€each€issue€of€the€'RWDSUÌÌRECORD'€came€to€an€end€in€1962,€after€which€the€patriarchal€capitalistÌÌcorporate,€media,€and€entertainment€worlds€continued€such€practices.ÌÌOccasional€'pinups'€were€published€after€1962.€€In€1968,€the€UnionÌÌpublished€a€photo€of€four€"bunny€girls"€with€the€caption:€"Set€'Em€Up,€Joe."€€€ÌIn€1971,€the€RWDSU€published€a€'pinup'€of€a€stewardess€in€aÌÌbikini€with€a€"union€book€number€[of]...36-21-35".€€€FN_37€€ÌÌÌÌÌÌ€2.€€UNION€BEAUTY€CONTESTSÌÌÌÌ(27)€€Beginning€in€1954,€the€RWDSU€ran€its€own€annual€'union€maid€beautyÌÌcontests'.€€The€powerful€symbol€of€each€contest€that€seemed€to€integrateÌÌsexuality€and€physical€assault€was€a€photograph€of€a€decapitated€woman€in€a€Ìlow-cut€bathing€suit€holding€in€one€hand€a€beachÌÌball,€possibly€a€symbol€for€her€missing€head,€which€wasÌÌreplaced€by€a€large€question€mark€enclosed€in€a€blank€picture€frameÌÌresting€on€her€shoulders.€€FN_38€€ÌÌ(28)€€€Other€advertising€promotion€symbols€Ìwere€of€a€headless,€legless€and€armless€female€mannequin,€€Ìand€of€the€silhouette€of€a€naked€woman.€ÌÌ(29)€€€€Women€members€inÐ @-(, Їgood€standing€were€encouraged€to€send€to€the€union's€internationalÌÌoffice€in€New€York€city€€photographs€of€themselves€in€bathing€suits,ÌÌalong€with€a€statement€of€their€age,€hair€and€eye€colouring,€height,ÌÌweight,€and€bust,€waist€and€hip€measurements.€€Selections€from€theseÌÌpictures€were€published€in€the€'RWDSU€RECORD'€and,€through€Ìrepublication€in€the€labour€pressesÌ€of€other€unions,€were€distributed€Ìthroughout€the€labour€movement€in€theÌ€US€and€Canada.€€ÌThe€photos€usually€showed€women€union€members€attired€inÌÌskimpy€bathing€suits€and€high€heels,€with€accompanying€descriptions€suchÌÌas:€"JuanitaÌ€Wileman€of€Local€815,€Battle€Creek,€Michigan,€is€anotherÌÌwell-stacked€packer€in€Weston€Biscuit's€stacker€department.€She€has€blueÌÌeyes,€brown€hair,€is€29,€weighs€125,€is€5'€4€1/2",€and€measuresÌÌ35-25-37."€€FN_39ÌÌÌ€(30)€€The€all-male€editorial€office€of€the€RWDSU€revealed€theirÌÌgender's€special€views€towards€such€photographs€with€such€statements€as:ÌÌ"We're€being€overwhelmed€by€beauties!€€We've€always€suspected€that€thereÌÌwere€lots€of€pretty€girls€in€the€Retail,€Wholesale€and€Department€StoreÌÌUnion,€and€now€we're€confirming€it."€€FN_40€€€One€or€more€famous€men€from€the€media€orÌÌentertainment€world€in€Holywood€(such€as€television€star€Steve€Allen€orÌÌcartoonist€Al€Capp)€would€select€the€'best'€five;€such€men,€'becauseÌÌthey€were€men',€were€considered€"automatically€experts€on€feminineÌÌbeauty"€or€"feminine€loveliness".€€€FN_41€€€€ÌÐ @-(, Ð(31)€The€final€five€photos€would€then€beÌÌpublished€in€the€'Record',€and€RWDSU€members€would€vote€on€the€'best'ÌÌpicture€by€filling€out€ballots€and€sending€them€to€the€union's€New€YorkÌÌoffice.€€The€winner€of€each€beauty€contest€€would€be€given€clothes,€jewellery,ÌÌa€trip€to€New€York€or€a€resort,€a€crown,€promises€of€a€movie€contract,ÌÌand€a€guest€appearance€before€the€men€at€the€RWDSU€InternationalÌÌConvention€or€General€Council€Meeting.€€€FN_42€€€€à p à€à È àÐ À  ÐÌ(32)€€€In€1960,€when€the€media€and€entertainment€worlds€continued€such€Ìcontests,€the€RWDSU€halted€its€ownÌ€contests,€€FN_43ÌÌalthough€it€still€published€and€distributed€pictures€from€the€beautyÌÌcontests€of€other€unions€until€1968€when€it€printed€a€final€one€from€theÌÌPublic€Service€Alliance€of€Canada.€€FN_44€€€ÌÌÌÌÌÌ3.€€SEXUAL€HARASSMENTÌÌÌÌ(33)€€During€the€1950s€and€1960s,€the€RWDSU€published€aÌÌconsiderable€amount€of€material€that€seemed€supportive€of€sexualÌÌharassment€in€the€workplace€and€on€the€streets.€€FN_45€€€ÌAlthough€much€of€this€material€was€in€cartoon€format,€its€Ìpositive€message€and€seriousness€were€quite€clear.€€TheÌ€following€Ìeleven€interrelated€themes€or€principles€were€evident€in€thisÌ€material:€ÌÌÌÐ @-(, ЇÌi)€Age€ÌÌÌ(34)€€€Men€may€harass€attractive€young€women,€but€should€leave€Ìolder€women€alone.€€A€1956€cartoon€shows€a€boss€who€is€frothing€Ìat€the€mouth€and€holding€onto€the€arm€of€anÌÌattractive€and€heavy-breasted€young€woman€in€an€office.€€When€he€triesÌÌthis€again€with€a€much€older€and€'less€attractive'€woman,€she€hits€himÌÌover€the€head€with€her€purse.€€FN_46€€€ÌÌÌÌii)€€Game€of€Chase€ÌÌÌÌ(35)€€Harassment€is€a€game€of€chase€in€which€the€man€seeks€to€break€down€theÌÌplayful€resistance€of€his€female€victim.€In€a€1963€cartoon,€the€'RWDSUÌÌRECORD'€showed,€in€Wimple's€Department€Store,€a€smiling€man€sexuallyÌÌharassing€a€woman€employee€by€leaning€over€her€information€booth.€€WithÌÌfolded€arms,€she€replies:€"Sorry!€€My€telephone€number€is€classified."€ÌÌFN_47€€€Did€the€harasser€interpret€this€as€a€refusal,€as€resistance,€or€as€partÌÌof€a€continuing€game?€€In€a€1956€cartoon,€a€Casanova€supervisor€tells€Ìa€new€typist€in€an€office,€"Treat€me€right,€doll,€and€you'll€go€places."€€ÌThe€typist€answers,€"Yes€Sir",€while€quietly€thinking€to€herself,€"Ugh!€ÌWhat€a€jerk."€€Two€other€female€workers€in€the€background€talk€Ìabout€this.€€One€says,€"He's€trying€to€make€a€hit€with€the€new€girl."€€ÌThe€other€replies:€"he€struck€out€before€he€even€got€to€bat."€€€FN_48€€€€€ÌÌÌÌÌÌ€iii)€€Women's€Positive€Response€€ÌÐ @-(, Ї(36)€€€€€The€'RWDSU€RECORD'€implied€that€women€likeÌÌharassment,€as€shown€in€their€positive€reciprocation.€In€€a€1955ÌÌcartoon,€women€in€an€office€are€seen€sexually€attacking€the€boss,€Mr.ÌÌSmoe,€planting€kisses€on€his€face€--€it€was€Christmas€and€he€was€underÌÌthe€Mistle€Toe.€FN_49ÌÌ€€ÌÌiv)€€Lack€of€Punishment€ÌÌÌÌ(37)€€€€€Men€will€not€be€punished€or€suffer€retribution€for€harassing€women.€€ÌÌIn€a€1959€cartoon,€a€woman€office€worker,€after€being€pinched€on€herÌÌbuttocks,€slaps€a€free-standing€computer€and€exclaims,€"fresh"!€€BehindÌÌthe€computer€stands€a€male€office€worker€who€actually€carried€out€theÌÌdeed,€and€escapes€punishment.€€FN_50€€€ÌÌÌÌ€v)€Gendered€Family€Attitudes€ÌÌÌ(38)€€€€Mothers€and€wives,€in€contrast€to€theirÌÌhusbands€and€sons,€€disapprove€of€sexual€harassment.€€In€a€1957€Tillers'ÌÌcartoon,€maw€tells€paw€that€she€is€ashamed€of€Jabber€because€she€saw€himÌÌin€town€"standing€on€a€windy€corner€where€a€lot€of€pretty€girls€wereÌÌpassing€and€he€'whistled'€at€every€one."€€Paw,€presumably€with€theÌÌintention€of€doing€likewise,€then€goes€to€Jabber€and€asks,€"What€cornerÌÌwere€you€standing€on?"€€FN_51€€€€ÌÐ @-(, ЇÌÌÌ€vi)€€Handsome€Men€ÌÌÌÌ(39)€€€Physically-attractive€men€will€be€more€successful€than€less€attractiveÌÌones€in€obtaining€a€positive€response€from€the€women€they€sexuallyÌÌharass.€€One€measure€of€male€attractiveness€is€height.€€According€toÌÌpatriarchal€myth,€women€find€tall€men€more€attractive€than€short€ones.€€ÌÌIn€a€1958€Tillers€cartoon,€a€taller€man,€when€he€whistles€at€a€woman€inÌÌthe€street,€is€more€successful€at€getting€her€attention€than€a€shorterÌÌman.€€In€response,€the€shorter€one€goes€into€a€shoe€shop€to€purchase€aÌÌpair€of€shoes€with€high€soles.€€FN_52€€€ÌÌÌÌÌÌ€vii)€€Wealthy€Men€ÌÌÌÌ€(40)€€€€€Wealthy€men€will€also€be€more€successful€than€poorerÌÌmen€in€obtaining€a€positive€response€from€the€women€they€sexuallyÌÌharass.€€In€a€1960€Tillers€cartoon,€two€men€engage€in€sexual€harassmentÌÌby€whistling€at€€and€blowing€horns€at€a€woman€on€a€street.€In€a€first€segment,€Ìone€man€whistles€at€the€woman€and€gets€a€negative€response.€€In€a€ÌÌsecond€segment,€a€man,€in€a€fancy€car€honks€and€getsÌÌher€positive€response.€€In€a€third€segment,€the€man€without€the€car€gets€a€hand-heldÌÌhorn€from€a€store,€and€blows€it€at€the€woman,€to€her€utter€disgust.€Ð @-(, ЇEvidently,€wealth€is€more€attractive€than€resourcefulness.€€€FN_53€€€€ÌÌÌÌÌÌ€viii)€€Humane€Workplace€ÌÌÌÌ(41)€€€€The€'RWDSU€RECORD'€implied€that€sexual€harassment€introducesÌÌan€element€of€humanity€and€emotion€in€a€workplace€filled€with€'cold'€andÌÌmechanical€equipment.€€In€a€1956€cartoon,€two€male€office€managers€orÌÌbosses€are€conversing€with€one€another€while€they€ogle€the€wiggling€Ìbackside€of€a€blonde€office€worker€standing€in€high€heels€at€a€filing€cabinet.€€ÌThe€one€says€to€the€other:€"Just€name€one€thing€that€your€office€Ìworkers€can€do€that€our€IBM€machines€can't€do€better!"€€FN_54€€€ÌÌÌÌ€ix)€€Union€Organizers€€ÌÌÌ(42)€€Without€suffering€retribution,€union€organizers€may€sexually€harassÌÌwomen€whom€they€are€trying€to€sign€up€to€a€union.€€The€'RWDSU€RECORD'ÌÌpublished€an€article€about€a€clerical€worker€who€was€organizing€hisÌÌworkplace€on€behalf€of€a€union.€He€couldn't€resist€kissing€"anÌÌattractive€young€brunette"€on€the€back€of€her€neck€while€trying€to€signÌÌher€up.€€His€employer€fired€him€for€allegedly€engaging€in€sexualÌÌharassment.€€But€the€National€Labour€Relations€Board€ruled€that€he€wasÌÌfired€for€engaging€in€union€activities,€and€ordered€that€he€be€rehired.ÌÌ€FN_55ÌÌÐ @-(, ЇÌÌ€x)€Clothes€ÌÌÌÌ(43)€€The€'RWDSU€RECORD'€implied€that€women€shouldÌÌdress€in€a€manner€sexually€pleasing€to€men.€€A€1961€article€reported€onÌÌa€dispute€about€a€"pretty€bookkeeper"€who€wore€"curve-hugging€sweaters"ÌÌon€the€job€every€day.€€"This€was€a€happy€arrangement€as€far€as€theÌÌcompany's€male€employees€were€concerned."€€But€the€boss'€wife€thought€itÌÌwas€an€occupational€hazard€for€her€husband,€and€ordered€that€tightÌÌsweaters€were€not€to€be€worn.€€When€the€'offending'€woman€refused€toÌÌobey€the€order,€she€was€fired.€However,€the€State€of€ConnecticutÌÌUnemployment€Compensation€Commissioner€sided€with€her€and€the€maleÌÌemployees€in€stating:€"€'Why€this€sweater€order€was€ever€issued€is€hardÌÌto€understand.€There€are€more€than€enough€restraints€upon€anÌÌindividual's€privacy€and€freedom€without€adding€to€them.'€"€€FN_56€ÌÌÌÌÌÌ€€xi)€€The€Seductress€ÌÌÌÌ(44)€€The€'RWDSU€RECORD'€suggested€that€men€are€notÌÌresponsible€for€their€own€actions€when€they€sexually€harass€women;ÌÌrather,€as€in€'femme€fatale'€mythology,€it€is€the€physical€beauty€andÌÌseductiveness€of€women€that€sends€men€out€of€control.€€In€a€1961Ð @-(, ЇTicklers€cartoon,€George€exclaims,€"WOW!€€What€a€Blonde!",€and€runs€intoÌÌa€lamppost,€knocking€off€his€glasses,€when€he€ogles€a€woman€who€isÌÌwindow€shopping€in€the€street.€€€FN_57€ÌÌÌÌÌÌ€CONCLUSIONS€TO€SEXUAL€HARASSMENTÌÌÌ(45)€€The€author€could€find€only€one€instance€inÌÌthe€'RWDSU€RECORD'€during€the€1950s€and€1960s€of€a€womanÌÌfighting€back€against€her€harasser.€€In€1967,€the€RWDSU€published€aÌÌcartoon€of€a€secretary€poised€with€her€whip,€gun,€and€chair,whip€ready€to€fightÌÌoff€the€amorous€advances€of€her€boss,€the€"lion€of€industry"€andÌÌpresident€of€a€non-union€firm.€€FN_58€€€It€is€unclear€whether€this€cartoon€expressesÌÌopposition€to€sexual€harassment,€anti-unionism,€or€employers.€€It€wasÌÌonly€later€that€the€RWDSU€began€to€take€explicit€measures€against€sexualÌÌharassment.€€By€the€1970s,€it€dropped€its€apparent€support€of€sexualÌÌharassment,€and€by€the€1980s€began€to€move€actively€against€it.€€InÌÌ1981,€Local€414,€which€initiated€the€organization€of€the€Eaton€workersÌÌin€Southwestern€Ontario,€was€successful€in€persuading€the€RWDSU€CanadianÌÌDistrict€Council€to€pass€a€sexual€harassment€resolution.€€It€called€onÌÌthe€union€to€oppose€sexual€harassment€by€training€union€officers€andÌÌstewards,€negotiating€clauses€in€collective€agreements,€and€lobbying€theÌÌgovernment€for€better€legislation€in€this€area.€€FN_59€ÌÐ @-(, ЇÌÌÌÌÌÌà  à€€B.€€DOMESTICÌÌÌ(46)€€à  àThere€are€many€aspects€of€the€practice€and€ideologyÐ ü L  ÐÌof€patriarchy€in€the€domestic€sphere€that€do€not€directly€pertain€toÌÌsexism,€the€topic€previously€considered.€€We€consider€four€of€them€--ÌÌthe€socialization€of€children€and€teenagers€into€traditionalÌÌgendered€ways€of€acting;€the€patriarchal€division€of€labour€andÌÌsex/gender€in€the€traditional€householdhouse;€the€practice€of€the€family€wageÌÌin€which€men€control€the€sources€of€household€income€on€which€women€andÌÌchildren€are€totally€dependent;€and,€the€reverse€practice€of€misogynyÌÌin€which€the€union€portrayed€women€as€attacking€and€abusing€men€in€theÌÌhousehold.€€€ÌÌÌÌÌÌ€1.€€SOCIALIZATION€OF€CHILDRENÌÌÌ(47)€€During€the€1950s€and€early€1960s,€the€RWDSUÌÌpublished€a€large€quantity€of€cartoons€depicting€the€socialization€ofÌÌboys€into€traditional€male€roles€and€girls€into€traditional€femaleÌÌroles.€Young€girls€were€pictured€baking€cookies,€dressing€in€theirÌÌmothers'€clothes,€or€taking€care€of€their€younger€brothers€and€sisters,Ð @-(, Їwhile€young€boys€were€portrayed€as€learning€how€to€fight€or€how€to€Ìdemolish€houses,€like€their€fathers€in€their€house-wreckingÌÌbusinesses.€€€€FN_60€€€In€1954,€the€RWDSU€gave€a€prize€to€a€male€unionÌÌmember€for€his€snapshot€of€a€little€girl€washing€her€doll,€with€theÌÌcaption€"Women's€Work€Is€Never€Done."€€FN_€61€Even€the€material€Ìpublished€on€adolescents€reflected€this€gendered€socialization.€€ÌMale€adolescents€were€dating€young€women€on€the€basis€of€their€Ìability€to€bake€potato€salads;€€teenage€boys€were€Ìpictured€as€owning€and€driving€cars,€with€teenageÌÌgirls€the€passengers;€€young€men€were€going€off€to€college€to€becomeÌÌdoctors€while€their€girlfriends€promised€to€wait€for€them€rather€thanÌÌgoing€to€college€themselves.€€€FN_62€€€€From€1962€onward,€the€ÌRWDSU€stopped€publishing€much€of€this€material,€but€did€notÌreplace€it€with€alternatives€emphasizing€the€socialization€of€boys€Ìinto€traditional€women's€domestic€chores,€or€the€socialization€of€Ìgirls€and€young€women€into€non-traditional€and€highly-skilled€male€Ìoccupations.€€However,€it€did€start€publishing€material€emphasizing€Ìnon-traditional€roles€for€adult€women.€€à À à€Ð ä4 ÐÌÌÌÌÌ€2.€TRADITIONAL€HOUSEHOLD€€ÌÌÌ(48)€€Between€the€1950s€and€mid-1970s,€the€RWDSU€published€an€immenseÌÌquantity€of€material€in€the€form€of€cartoons€and€feature€articles€thatÌÌlent€positive€support€to€the€traditional€patriarchal€family€andÌÌhousehold.€€Eleven€themes€recurred€in€this€material.€€ÌÌÌÌÌÌ€€i)€Gendered€Division€of€Labour€Ð @-(, ЇÌ(49)€€The€union€presented€its€readers€with€a€veryÌÌtraditional€and€rigid€gendered€division€of€household€labour.€€Women€wereÌÌalways€depicted€as€cooking,€cleaning,€shopping,€and€taking€care€of€children;€Ìto€the€extent€that€they€did€'any'€household€work,€men€were€portrayed€Ìas€fixing€things€and€doing€outside€work€around€the€house.€€ÌWomen€were€also€seen€as€incompetent€doing€'male'€tasks,€such€Ìas€repairing€broken€household€equipment.€FN_63€ÌÌÌÌii)€Men's€Refusal€To€Do€'Women's€Work'€€ÌÌÌÌ(50)€€Men€were€pictured€as€incompetent€or€unwilling€to€takeÌÌon€traditional€women's€tasks,€such€as€cooking€or€childcare.€€In€aÌÌTillers'€cartoon:€€Maw€was€sick€in€bed€one€day,€but€felt€that€"I€shouldÌÌcook€dinner€for€the€hired€men...".€€Paw€offered€to€do€the€housework,€andÌÌtold€his€fieldhands€that€he€could€not€work€in€the€field€that€day€becauseÌÌhe€had€to€cook.€€But€he€later€confessed€to€Maw€that€the€fieldhands€ateÌÌdinner€in€town.€FN_64€€€It€is€unclear€from€the€cartoon€whether€Ìthe€fieldhands€refused€to€eat€Paw's€cooking€because€they€Ìthought€he€was€a€bad€cook,€or€whether€Paw€told€them€that€they€Ìshould€eat€in€town€because€he€could€not€cook.€€In€aÌÌ1967€cartoon:€a€husband€is€resentful€because€he€has€to€get€up€with€Ìhis€infant€child€during€the€night€while€his€wife€sleeps€in€bed;€Ì€he€complains€to€her:€"Yeah,€but€you€only€carried€him€Ìfor€nine€months."€€€€FN_65€€ÌÌÌÌiii)€`Nagging'€WifeÌÌÌ(51)€€Wives€had€to€'nag'€their€husbands€to€perform€minimal€household€chores,Ð @-(, Їwhich€were€often€in€traditional€male€areas€such€as€repairing€leakingÌÌfaucets.€€In€the€Tillers'€cartoons,€Maw€is€frequently€depicted€asÌÌ'nagging'€Paw€to€do€household€chores€which€he€does€not€want€to€do.€€ÌÌIn€one€cartoon,€Maw€entices€Paw€into€the€house€with€a€blueberry€pie,€butÌÌrefuses€to€give€him€a€piece€until€he€repairs€a€table.€€Paw€complains:ÌÌ"Before€marriage€they€bake€pies€to€get€you€to€propose,€and€afterward€toÌÌget€you€to€do€chores!"€€After€he€finishes€his€repair€job,€he€sits€downÌÌat€the€kitchen€table€and€laments:€"Now€that€I'm€in€the€trap,€may€I€eatÌÌthe€bait."€FN_66ÌÌÌÌÌÌiv)€Union€Lessons€for€HousewivesÌÌÌ(52)€€The€union€published€a€considerable€amount€ofÌÌmaterial€designed€to€provide€helpful€hints€to€union€wives€to€becomeÌÌbetter€and€more€efficient€homemakers.€€In€one€major€article,€entitledÌÌ"Lo,€the€Poor€Housewife",€Jane€Goodsell€counselled€housewives€that€theyÌÌneed€not€be€perfectionists€but€could€still€do€a€'decent€job'.€€It€wasÌÌperfectly€understandable€for€housewives,€given€the€impossibility€ofÌÌdoing€all€the€required€tasks€repeatedly€(because€of€the€frequent€messesÌÌcreated€by€various€household€members),€not€to€completely€live€up€to€theÌÌgolden€ideal€of€the€perfectly€neat€and€clean€household.€€Goodsell€almostÌÌseemed€to€be€forstalling€a€more€complete€revolt€by€union€women€doing€anyÌÐ @-(, Ðhousework€at€all.€€€Many€other€articles€published€from€the€1950s€to€theÌÌ1970s€gave€advice€to€women€in€how€they€could€become€more€effective€andÌÌefficient€homemakers€in€such€areas€as€cooking,€shopping,€home€repairs,ÌÌgardening,€washing€clothes,€and€ironing.€€FN_67€ÌÌÌÌÌÌ€€v)€Food€and€Feminine€Beauty€ÌÌÌ(53)€€Women's€egos€were€based€on€compliments€received€from€men€about€theÌÌquality€of€their€meals,€their€physical€beauty,€and€their€appearance.€ÌÌMen€often€used€compliments€about€their€wives'€physical€beauty€to€extractÌÌhigh-quality€meals€from€them.€€In€a€Tillers'€cartoon:€Paw€complimentsÌÌMaw€--€"You're€prettier€than€the€day€we€got€married!€€Each€passing€yearÌÌmakes€you€more€glamorous!"€€But€guessing€what€he€wants,€she€replies:ÌÌ"That€pie€you€smell€baking€is€for€the€Ladies'€Aid€social€tonight."€ÌÌFN_68€€Women€became€frustrated€with€men's€greater€interest€in€their€cookingÌÌthan€their€physical€looks,€as€illustrated€in€another€Tillers'€cartoon:ÌÌHunk€tells€Lorna€that€she€is€"just€like€a€breath€of€spring...",€but€thenÌÌasks,€"Could€I€have€a€piece€of€the€apple€pie€I€smelled€baking?"€€LornaÌÌruns€sobbing€to€her€room:€"Ten€dollars€an€once€and€all€he€smelled€wasÌÌapple€pie!"€€FN_69ÌÌ€ÌÌÌÐ @-(, Ѐvi)€€Gender€of€Cars€ÌÌÌ(54)€€Men€were€the€experts€at€driving€cars;€€women€were€incompetent€--€theyÌÌwere€always€crashing€into€hydro€poles,€or€were€never€able€to€park€properly.€€InÌÌan€item€titled€"Journey's€End",€two€women,€who€were€manoevering€theirÌÌcar€into€a€tight€parking€space,€gave€up€after€a€valiant€struggle€whenÌÌthe€driver€shut€off€the€motor€and€said€to€her€companion,€'This€is€closeÌÌenough.€€We€can€walk€to€the€curb€from€here.'€€€FN_70ÌÌ€€In€a€1967€cartoon,€a€man€becomes€angry€with€his€wife€and€daughter€forÌÌalways€hitting€the€door€and€side€of€a€two-car€garage,€especially€since€thereÌÌwas€never€a€second€car€to€get€in€the€way.€€€€€€€€FN_71€ÌÌÌÌvii)€€Women's€Dependence€on€Men€ÌÌÌ€(55)€€€Women€were€not€able€to€live€alone€without€men;€whenÌÌhusbands€were€away,€women€pined€for€the€day€of€their€return.€€In€1960ÌÌJane€Goodsell€titled€one€of€her€columns,€"Hurry€Home".€€A€woman,€whoseÌÌhusband€is€away,€misses€him€and€wants€him€back€to€start€her€car€on€coldÌÌmornings,€check€for€burglars€at€night,€have€someone€to€cook€for,€and€toÌÌfigure€out€the€mistakes€in€her€bank€book.€€She€concludes€that€"...anyÌÌhousehold€is€better€with€a€man€in€it.€€And€I€can€hardly€wait€for€mine€toÌÌget€home."€Accompanying€the€article€were€two€sketches:€one€showing€theÌÌwoman€kissing€her€husband's€car,€€and€the€€other€one€showing€Ìherself€with€an€open€arm,€greeting€her€returning€husband.€FN_72€ÌÐ @-(, ЀÌÌviii)€€Women€As€Breeding€Machines€ÌÌÌ(56)€€Women's€purpose€in€life€was€to€bear€children.€ÌÌAs€one€male€rank€and€file€RWDSU€member€wrote:€"What€a€wonderful€tributeÌÌto€women!€€We€sometimes€forget€the€sublime,€ethereal€quality€of€women.€ÌÌWe€sometimes€forget€the€grandeur€of€giving€birth.€€The€awe€andÌÌmagnificent€aspects€of€the€delivery€of€children.€€Is€there€anything€asÌÌinspiring€as€a€woman€breeding€another€being...women's€most€importantÌÌrole€in€life."€FN_73€ÌÌ€ÌÌÌÌ€ix)€€Women€Working€Outside€the€Home€ÌÌÌ(57)€€Women€could€work€outside€the€home€only€if€it€didÌÌnot€interfere€with€their€domestic€duties.€€If€domestic€tasks€did€not€getÌÌdone,€women€were€obliged€to€quit€their€jobs.€€The€'RWDSUÌÌRECORD'€reprinted€an€interview€with€the€anthropologist€MargaretÌÌMead€who€reflected€prevailing€societal€views€of€the€early€1960s.€€SheÌÌargued€that€women€could€work€outside€the€home€only€if€their€childrenÌÌwere€properly€cared€for€at€home.€In€the€absence€of€day€care,€this€meantÌÌfemale€relatives.€€Mead€suggested€that€it€was€more€appropriate€for€womenÌÌto€work€outside€the€home€in€times€of€affluence€than€scarcity€since€theyÌÌwould€not€take€jobs€away€from€men.€€When€children€are€small,€Mead€seemedÐ @-(, Їto€think€that€women€should€not€work€outside.€€Where€women€did€workÌÌoutside€the€home,€they€should€not€be€in€'dangerous'€jobs€that€mightÌÌ"mutilate"€them€and€interfere€with€their€child-bearing€functions.€SheÌÌsaw€the€double€day€of€labour€as€a€potential€threat€to€marriages;€whereÌÌwomen€suffered€under€this€double€labour,€the€solution€was€to€quit€theirÌÌjobs€outside€the€home.€€The€only€exception€to€this€were€cases€whereÌÌwomen€had€special€talents€needed€in€the€labour€force.€€Mead€thought€thatÌÌmen€should€be€expected€to€'help€out'€at€home€only€if€women's€domesticÌÌload€was€onerous€or€children€were€small.€€Otherwise,€she€said€"I€thinkÌÌwe're€asking€too€many€men€today€to€do€too€much€housework€in€homes€whereÌÌwives€aren't€working."€€ÌÌFN_74€€ÌÌÌÌ€x)€€Threat€to€the€Traditional€Family€ÌÌÌ(58)€€In€the€1950s€and€early€1960s,€thereÌÌwas€a€sense€that€the€traditional€family€might€be€under€some€kind€ofÌÌthreat€which€the€RWDSU€seemed€anxious€to€fend€off.€€In€1957,€itÌÌpublished€an€article€entitled,€"Father€is€Now€the€Weaker€Sex",€by€JaneÌÌGoodsell.€€She€lamented€the€passing€of€the€traditional€gendered€divisionÌÌof€labour€in€the€home,€and€recalled€the€"good€ole€days"€when€everyoneÌÌknew€their€place:€€"Men€were€men...they€divided€their€time€between€home,ÌÌwork€and€some€purely€male€hangout,€such€as€the€club,€the€corner€poolroomÌÐ @-(, Ðor€the€tavern.€When€they€arrived€home€from€work,€they€expected€to€(andÌÌdid)€find€dinner€ready€on€the€dot,€and€the€household€quiet€and€peaceful.ÌÌ€The€younger€children€were€fed,€bathed€and€ready€to€receive€a€goodnightÌÌkiss."€€The€man€did€not€have€to€play€on€the€floor€with€his€children,€norÌÌdid€he€have€to€cook.€€"He€sat€down€at€the€head€of€the€table,€tucked€inÌÌhis€napkin€and€served€notice€that€he€was€ready€for€his€dinner.€€...€€HeÌÌwas€a€man,€a€father€and€head€of€his€household."€€On€the€other€hand,ÌÌwomen,€calling€themselves€'ladies',€also€knew€their€place:€"They€spendÌÌmost€of€their€time€in€the€home,€with€brief€excursions€outside€to€shop€orÌÌvisit€other€ladies.€...they€didn't€wear€clothes€that€made€them€look€likeÌÌSpanish€bullfighters€or€Chinese€coolies€or€dirt€farmers.€€They€woreÌÌdresses.€€They€took€pride€in€keeping€their€silver€polished€and€theirÌÌstitches€dainty,€not€in€their€tennis€backhands€or€their€knowledge€ofÌÌpolitics€or€ability€to€shingle€a€roof."€€FN_75€€€In€1961,€the€RWDSU€Ìprinted€an€article€calling€for€the€stabilization€of€the€family€in€view€of€itsÌbreakdown€manifested€in€rising€divorces,€alcoholism,€drug€addiction,€Ìdelinquency€rates€andÌ€admissions€to€mental€hospitals.€€€FN_76€€€€ÌÌÌÌÌÌxi)€€Alimony€ÌÌÌÌ(59)€€This€was€a€source€of€contention.€€The€union€publishedÌÌmaterial€suggesting€that€men€were€being€exploited€by€ex-wives€asking€forÌÌexorbitant€amounts€of€alimony.€€In€1958,€three€cartoons,€titledÐ @-(, Ї"Labour€Oddities",€were€juxtaposed,€hinting€that€capitalists€and€wivesÌÌwere€in€league€exploiting€men€and€husbands.€€One€cartoon€showed€a€wifeÌÌdemanding€from€her€helpless€husband€an€alimony€pegged€to€the€monthlyÌÌrise€in€the€cost€of€living;€€over€them€hung€a€chart€showing€the€rise€inÌÌthe€cost€of€living.€€Beside€this€cartoon€was€another€one,€showing€aÌÌhusband€with€empty€pockets€complaining€that€the€Treasury€DepartmentÌÌcannot€print€money€as€fast€as€his€ex-wife€can€spend€it.€€Below€bothÌÌcartoons€was€a€third€one,€showing€a€chart€in€the€rise€of€profits€with€aÌÌcorporate€stockholder€collecting€his€increased€dividends.€€FN_77€€ÌÌÌÌÌÌTRADITIONAL€HOUSEHOLD:€CONCLUSIONSÌÌÌ(60)€€By€the€latter€1970s€and€during€the€1980s,ÌÌthe€RWDSU€ceased€publishing€much€of€this€kind€of€material€endorsingÌÌpatriarchal€practices€of€sex/gender€divisions€in€the€home,€but€did€notÌÌreplace€it€with€alternatives€extolling€households€with€non-traditionalÌÌor€equal€gendered€divisions€of€labour.ÌÌÌÌÌÌ3.€€FAMILY€WAGE€à ¸ àÐ ¤(ô#' Ðà  àÌÌ(61)€€From€the€1950s€to€the€1970s,€the€family€wage€was€deeply€Ìengrained€in€the€ideological€practices€of€the€RWDSU.€€ÌThe€family€wage€is€defined€as€family€income€dependent€solely€on€Ð @-(, Ðthe€wages€of€the€husband€and€father;€€the€wife€does€not€work€Ìoutside€the€home;€she€is€completely€dependent€on€her€husband's€Ìwages€for€meeting€the€expenses€of€the€entire€household,€Ìsuch€as€food€and€clothing.€€ÌFive€interrelated€themes€recurred€in€the€material€published€by€the€union:€€ÌÌÌÌ€i)€€Male€ControlÌÌÌ(62)€€Men€as€husbands€and€fathers,€but€never€women€as€mothers€Ìor€wives,€controlled€the€family€finances€which€were€dependent€solely€Ìon€their€wages.€€It€was€the€responsibility€of€the€wife€to€keep€within€the€Ìhousehold€budget€as€determined€by€the€size€of€her€husband's€wages.€€€€FN_78€€€ÌThis€was€not€always€easy€for€the€woman€caught€between€a€limited€income€Ìfrom€her€husband€and€rising€costs€of€running€the€household,€Ìas€suggested€in€this€1969€union€cartoon.ÌÌÌÌ€ii)€€Female€IrrationalityÌÌÌÌ(63)€€Women€could€not€be€trusted€with€money;€in€contrast€to€rational€Ìand€calm€men,€they€were€depicted€as€erratic€and€irrational€spendthrifts€Ìwho,€if€left€to€their€own€devices,€would€bankrupt€the€household.€ÌFor€example,€in€a€1956€union€story€of€a€husband€on€a€shopping€expedition€Ìwith€his€wife€looking€for€a€blouse,€"...thirty€feet€inside€the€store€his€Ìwife€glimpses€a€herd€of€women€crowded€around€a€counter.€€ÌHer€nostrils€dilate€and€her€eyes€gleam.€€Whatever€it€is€they€are€selling,€Ìit€must€be€a€bar€gain€to€collect€such€a€crowd,€and€she€wants€some.€€ÌHer€husband,€looking€as€though€he€is€trying€not€to€scream,€Ìsteers€her€toward€the€blouse€department."€€€FN_79€€In€another€cartoon,€Ìa€husband€is€physically€carrying€away€his€wife€who€is€trying€to€Ìoffer€money€to€a€merchant€peering€out€of€his€store€window,Ìtrying€to€sell€her€a€fur€coat.€€ÌÌÌÌiii)€€DistributionÌÌÌ€(64)€€Ð @-(, ÐThe€man€of€the€household€allots€small€and€controlled€Ìamounts€of€money€to€his€wife€to€spend€either€on€the€household€Ìor€on€herself.€€€FN_80€€In€a€1967€cartoon,€one€woman€actually€Ìboast,€perhaps€a€bit€sarcastically,€to€her€friend€that€husbands€Ìcan€come€in€handy€as€sources€of€money€for€shopping€purposes.€ÌÌÌÌiv)€€GiftsÌÌÌ(65)€€Since€the€man€controls€family€finances,€he€was€always€Ìdepicted€as€buying€dresses,€coats€and€"other€gifts"€for€his€wife;€Ìwives€were€hardly€ever€shown€purchasing€items€for€their€husbands.€€€81Foot_81€ÌÌÌÌv)€€AllowanceÌÌÌÌ(66)€€Daughters€and€sons€were€given€a€weekly€allowance,€not€by€the€woman€Ìof€the€household,€but€by€the€man€who€theoretically€kept€a€tight€rein€Ìover€its€size€and€distribution.€€€FN_82ÌÌ€€€ÌÌFamily€Wage€ConclusionÌÌÌÌ(67)€€Despite€the€historical€evidence€of€union€support€forÌÌthe€'family€wage',€by€the€1970s€women€were€more€often€depicted€asÌÌcontrolling€their€own€money,€although€the€concept€of€the€family€wage€inÌÌthe€union€never€died.ÌÌÌÌÌÌ4.€€MISOGYNY:€FEMALE€DOMINATIONÌÐ @-(, Ї(68)€€In€an€apparent€reversal€of€patriarchy,€inÌÌits€early€history€the€RWDSU€often€viewed€men€as€dominated€and€oppressedÌÌby€women.€€It€repeatedly€portrayed€women€as€physically€beating€andÌÌdominating€their€husbands€--€not€men€beating€and€dominating€their€wives.ÌÌIn€a€1957€"Daffynitions"€cartoon,€a€physically€large€wife,€posing€in€aÌÌdomineering€manner,€strangled€her€small€husband€around€the€neck€with€oneÌÌhand€while€her€other€hand€rested€on€her€hip.€€FN_83€€€In€a€1961€cartoon,€Ì"Life€With€the€Rimples",€a€wife€gives€her€husband,€who€is€looking€in€theÌrefrigerator€for€food€before€dinner,€a€two-handed€swing€across€his€Ìbuttocks€with€the€broom€he€just€bought€her;€the€force€of€the€Ìblow€propels€him€into€the€refrigerator.€€FN_84ÌÌÌ€(69)€€€Possibly€as€a€response€to€misconceived€physical€assaults€onÌÌmen,€there€appeared€an€early€distinct€pattern€of€misogyny,€orÌÌwoman-hating.€€In€a€1959€cartoon,€a€man€named€a€junk€boat€used€forÌÌhauling€scrap€after€his€wife,€without€her€realizing€that€this€was€notÌÌout€of€love€for€her.€€FN_85€€€€In€a€Tiller's€cartoon€of€the€same€year,€MawÌÌcomplains€at€Paw€across€the€breakfast€table€that€her€friend,€Mrs.€Frump,ÌÌis€lonely€and€mad€because€"she€says€she€might€as€well€not€have€aÌÌhusband!€€He€eats€breakfast€behind€the€morning€paper€and€never€talks€toÌÌher!"€€Paw€responds:€"Women!€€Grumble-Mumble-Grumble!"€€FN_86€€€€€à  àà x à€€€Ð ô$D # ÐÌÌ(70)€€The€hostility€toward€women€often€took€the€form€of€negativeÌÌattitudes€toward€mothers-in-law:€in€a€1961€Ticklers€cartoon,€a€womanÌsays€to€her€mother€on€the€phone:€"George€is€right€here,€mother.€€ÌHe's€patiently€waiting€to€talk€to€you!"€€But€George€is€standing€by€the€Ìphone,€tense,€with€a€grimace€on€his€face.€€FN_87€€€ÌÐ @-(, Ð(71)€€From€1962€onward,€the€RWDSU€seems€to€haveÌÌdropped€the€themes€of€husband€assault€and€misogyny,€but€did€not€take€upÌÌthe€theme€of€wife€assault.€€If€this€can€be€characterized€as€'emergentÌÌfeminism',€the€emphasis€was€more€on€'emergent'€than€'feminism',€or€on€anÌÌabsence€rather€than€a€presence.ÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌà  à€C.€€TRADE€UNION€€à h àÐ pÀ ÐÌ€(72)€€€Several€distinctive€patriarchal€practices€of€the€Retail,€Wholesale€and€Department€StoreÏUnion€can€be€isolated€from€the€discussion€on€sexism€and€the€domestic€sphere.€€While€theseÏfeatures€of€the€union€€--€€€€union€wives,€€€anti-union€women,€€and€€€€sexuality€as€a€union€tool€€--Ïnaturally€overlap€with€the€previous€discussion,€nevertheless€they€are€sufficiently€distinctive€as€toÏmerit€separate€analysis.€€ÌÌÌÌ1.€€UNION€WIVESà ¸ àÐ ¨ø ÐÌ€(73)€€€During€the€1950s€and€early€1960s,€the€RWDSU€viewed€women€primarily€as€wives€whoÏperformed€traditionally€domestic€reproductive€tasks€for€their€husbands.€In€1954,€Lynne€BortnickÏwrote€in€the€'RWDSU€RECORD':€"When€a€member€of€the€RWDSU's€District€65€in€New€YorkÏcomes€to€union€headquarters€for€his€monthly€membership€meeting,€more€often€than€not€he'll€bringÏhis€wife€and€children€and€make€a€family€night€of€it.€€While€Dad€attends€his€meeting,€Mom€and€theÏkids€spend€the€evening€in€the€'65'€Consumer€Service,€shopping€for€any€of€the€1,000€stocked€itemsÏand€saving€an€average€of€30€per€cent€on€their€purchases."€€€FN_88€€ÌÌ(74)€€€€€In€1954,€union€wives€and€daughters€served€lunches€and€drinks€at€RWDSU's€mergerÏconvention.€€Luanna€MacLachlan,€wife€of€Canadian€Director€Tom€MacLachlan,€and€RuthÏFreeman,€daughter€of€international€representative€John€Freeman,€were€the€"pretty€purveyors€ofÏgoodies."€€€FN_89€€€ÌÌ€(75)€€€During€the€1950s,€the€labour€press,€as€well€as€the€mass€media,€experienced€difficultyÏdealing€with€women€who€violated€the€traditional€image€of€the€union€wife€or€the€'pinup'€byÏbecoming€union€officials.€€€ÌÐ @-(, Ð(76)€€€The€'RWDSU€RECORD'€reprinted€an€article,€"Fifteen€Men€and€a€Girl",€from€the€'TorontoÏTelegramplamondon'€which€wrote€a€piece€on€Huguette€Plamondon,€a€member€of€the€UnitedÏPackinghouse€Workers€and€president€of€the€Montreal€Labour€Council.€€In€1956,€she€reportedlyÏbecame€the€first€woman€in€Canada€to€achieve€a€national€union€executive€position€by€becoming€aÏvice-president€of€the€newly-formed€Canadian€Labour€Congress.€€Rather€than€treating€her€as€anyÏother€male€union€executive,€an€attempt€was€made€to€fit€her€into€a€patriarchal€sexual€mould.€€SheÏwas€described€as€"a€comely€woman€vice-president",€"a€pretty€30-year€old€brunette",€and€"anÏattractive€unionist...whose€measurements€are€the€classic€36-26-37."€Even€though€the€labour€andÏmass€media€do€not€comment€on€how€male€union€officials€are€dressed,€she€was€described€asÏwearing€"a€black€dressmaker€suit€trimmed€with€velvet,€a€black€and€white€pill€box,€a€red€carnationÏin€her€lapel€and€matching€lipstick...€.€€She€looked€very€chic€and€feminine€and€French."€€There€wasÏalso€an€attempt€to€reconcile€her€apparent€independence€with€the€traditional€image€of€the€familyÏwoman.€€Thus,€she€stated€that€her€father€"€'...thinks€I€should€do€like€my€sister,€get€married€andÏhave€children...€.€€I€look€to€marriage€some€day.€€It€is€a€normal€thing€for€a€woman...".€In€case€theÏpoint€was€not€lost,€a€'picture'€accompanying€the€article€showed€her,€not€with€the€other€maleÏexecutives€of€the€CLC,€but€with€the€wife€of€Claude€Jodoin,€president€of€the€CLC.€€€FN_90€€ÌÌÌÌ€(77)€€€From€1963€onwards,€but€especially€starting€in€the€mid-1970s€with€the€founding€of€theÏCoalition€of€Labor€Union€Women,€RWDSU's€attitude€toward€union€wives€and€union€women€hadÏchanged€to€one€of€militancy€and€independence;€€they€were€now€portrayed€as€participating€inÏconsciousness-raising€feminist€union€workshops,€demonstrating€and€picketing€in€strikes€andÏrallies,€singing€'Bread€and€Roses',€and€forming€women's€union€committees€to€fight€for€their€rights.€€ÏFN_91€€ÌÌ2.€€ANTI-UNION€WOMEN€€ÌÌ(78)€€à  àDuring€the€1950s€the€RWDSU€often€portrayed€women€as€anti-union.€€In€1954,€itÐ €Ð Ðpublished€a€cartoon€of€€"an€old€woman€in€a€shoe"€with€her€many€children;€€they€were€described€asÏ"anti-union",€"scabs",€"chislers",€and€"free€loaders".€€At€the€bottom€of€the€shoe€was€written,Ï"Right€to€Work€Laws",€the€name€of€the€open€shop€anti-union€campaign€in€the€US.€€€FN_92€€€€€ÌÌ€(79)€€By€the€1960s,€women€were€more€often€portrayed€as€pro-union.€In€1961,€the€RWDSUÏpublished€the€musings€of€a€woman€who€crossed€the€picket€line€in€two€different€strikes€by€theÏInternational€Typographical€Union.€€She€gradually€realized€that€she€had€been€wrong,€quit€bothÏjobs,€and€concluded:€"I€have€learned€a€lesson€and€learned€it€the€hard€way.€€If€I€never€join€orÏbecome€a€member€of€any€union,€I€still€will€never€cross€a€picket€line."€€€FN_93€€ÌÌÌ3.€SEXUALITY€AS€A€UNION€TOOLà À à€€Ð )à$( ÐÌ(80)€€During€the€1950s,€the€RWDSU€often€viewed€union€women€as€objects€Ìof€male€sexual€pleasure€in€both€'PASSIVE'€and€€'ACTIVE'€senses.€ÌÐ @-(, ЇÌI)€€PASSIVISM€ÌÌ(81)€€The€union€had€some€difficulty€reconciling€on€the€one€hand€its€image€of€women€as€unionÏwives€or€anti-union€strikebreakers,€and€on€the€other€hand€the€reality€of€some€activist€pro-unionÏwomen€within€its€own€ranks.€€It€resolved€this€contradiction€by€portraying€the€activists€as€'passive'Ïobjects€available€for€male€sexual€pleasure,€without€using€them€in€an€active€way€to€organize€theÏunorganized.€€ÌÌ€(82)€€€In€1955,€RWDSU€women€at€Bloomingdale's€Stamford€department€store€in€Connecticut,ÏUSA,€went€on€strike.€€One€of€the€strikers€was€Jeanette€Fuller.€€The€union€published€€two€photosÏof€her€-€one€in€a€bathing€suit€that€partially€exposed€her€breasts,€and€the€other€of€her€wearing€aÏpicket€sign€in€front€of€the€store.€€The€two€pictures€were€accompanied€by€an€article€entitled,Ï"Beauty€on€the€Picket€Line."€€In€the€article,€the€male€editorial€staff€of€the€RWDSU€wrote:ÌÌ€€"Hidden€by€the€picket€signs...are€Jeanette€Fuller's€qualifications€for€the€title€of€'Miss€Retail.'€€ButÏthe€photo€above€[in€the€bathing€suit]€proves€that€she's€definitely€qualified€as€an€entrant€in€theÏcontest.€€She's€shown€her€qualifications€as€a€union€member€too.€€One€of€the€earliest€and€mostÏactive€members€enroled€in€District€65's€drive€to€organize€Bloomingdale's€Stamford€store,€she€andÏanother€member€were€fired€by€the€company€for€union€activity.€€Strike€signs€thereupon€becameÏstandard€attire€for€Jeanette,€and€she€wears€'em€six€days€a€week€on€the€picket€line.€€But€she€foundÏtime€somehow€to€get€into€her€bathing€suit€and€enter€the€competition€for€'Miss€Retail'...€.€€Aren'tÏyou€glad€she€did?"€€€FN_94€€ÌÌÌÌII)€€ACTIVISM€ÌÌÌ€(83)€€In€a€more€'active'€sense,€women€were€used€as€sexual€objects€to€strengthen€unions€in€threeÏways:€organizing€drives;€union€meetings;€and,€union€negotiations€with€management.€ÌÌÌ€a)€€Organizing€Drives€€ÌÌ€(84)€€Women€were€used€as€objects€for€male€sexual€pleasure€in€union€organizing€drives.€€TheÏRWDSU€and€other€unions€had€reciprocal€arrangements€with€the€Screen€Actors€Guild.€€The€unionsÏused€the€photos€of€'beautiful'€actresses€who€were€members€of€the€Guild€in€their€campaign€toÏorganize€the€unorganized;€€in€return,€the€Guild€received€publicity€for€its€members€who€wanted€toÏincrease€attendance€at€movie€houses.€à À à€€Ð ¤(ô#' ÐÌ(85)€€€In€1957,€the€RWDSU€published€a€€photo€of€Marilyn€Monro€in€a€strip€tease€like€uniform€--Ïwith€the€caption:€"Is€Marilyn€Monroe€a€New€Secret€Weapon€in€Organizing€Workers?€€'If€sheÏwon't€work€without€union€protection,€why€should€you?'"€€In€an€effort€to€sign€up€the€unorganized,Ïunions€distributed€photos€of€Marilyn€Monroe€and€Diana€Dores€on€handbills,€along€with€theÐ @-(, Ðmessage€that€"if€such€lovely€women€recognize€the€need€of€union€membership,€then€theÏunorganized€would€join€up€quickly."€€One€union€organizer€commented€that€"€'at€least€the€ads€withÏMarilyn€have€drawn€a€hell€of€a€lot€of€attention.€€[These]€pretty€girl€ads...are€being€distributed€as€anÏexample€of€the€advantages€of€unionization".€Another€union€official€stated€that€"...€at€least€the€maleÏmembers€of€our€union€like€to€look€at€nice,€big€pictures€of€beautiful€women.'€"€€€FN_95€€€ÌÌÌÌb)€€Union€Meetings€€€ÌÌ€(86)€€ÌWomen€were€used€as€sex€objects€to€encourage€the€apathetic€among€the€male€rank€and€file€toÏattend€union€meetings.€€The€RWDSU€published€a€€'pinup'€of€a€woman€on€her€back€dressed€in€aÏbathing€suit€and€very€high-heeled€black€shoes,€and€supporting€herself€by€her€elbows,€kicking€herÏlegs€high€in€the€air.€€The€insert€read:€€"Attend€your€Union€Meeting."€€The€caption€below€theÏphoto:€"UNION€MAID:€A€delightful€reminder€to€attend€your€next€union€meeting."€€€FN_96€€€ÌÌÌÌ€c)€NegotiationsÌÌÌ€€(87)€€Women€were€idealized€as€objects€of€male€sexual€pleasure€in€collective€bargainingÏnegotiations€with€management.€€In€an€apparent€approving€attitude€toward€sexual€harassment,€theÏRWDSU€published€a€€cartoon€of€a€blonde€woman€with€a€long€dress,€low-cut€neckline,€andÏpartially€exposed€breasts,€standing€at€a€table.€€€€She€was€surrounded€by€five€drooling€male€unionÏofficers€leaning€over€the€table.€€With€saliva€dripping€from€their€mouths,€they€panted:€"With€MaryÏon€our€Negotiating€Committee...,€the€Company€doesn't€stand€a€chance."€€€FN_97€€€ÌÌÌÌ€CONCLUSION€TO€SEXUALITY€AS€A€UNION€TOOLÌÌÌ€(88)€€From€1961€on,€the€RWDSU€put€a€halt€to€the€use€of€sexuality€in€these€passive€and€activeÏways€to€strengthen€the€labour€movement.€€This€type€of€emergent€feminism€was€weak€because€itÏdid€not€involve€an€active€€resistance€against€these€manifestations.€€However,€it€did€involveÏexpressions€of€'strong€union€women'€symbolized€by€the€Bread€and€Roses€theme.€€€€ÌÌ€ÌÌÌÌÌà  àà ` àIV.€€EMERGENT€FEMINISM€Ð @-(, Ї€(89)€€€By€the€late€1960s€and€early€1970s,€depending€on€the€issue,€Ìthere€was€a€type€of€feminism€emerging€within€the€Retail,€Wholesale,€Ìand€Department€Store€Union.€€This€can€best€be€described€as€a€mixture€Ìof€'liberal€feminism'€and€'trade€union€feminism';€it€combined€a€focus€Ìon€trade€union€and€wage€issues€with€legal€equality€rights€of€women.ÌThis€occurred€four€four€reasons:€ÌÌ1.€€the€increasing€proportion€of€women€among€the€membership€of€theÌÌunion€and€in€activist€roles;€ÌÌ2.€€the€increase€in€the€number€of€women€in€the€editorial€offices€of€theÌÌ'RWDSU€RECORD';€€ÌÌ3.€€the€impact€of€second€wave€feminism€in€the€1960s;€and,ÌÌ4.€€the€establishment€of€the€€Coalition€of€Labour€Union€WomenÌÌin€1974€which€mobilized€women€across€union€organizations€to€push€forÌÌgreater€representation€of€women€at€all€levels€of€the€labour€movement.ÌÌÌ€(90)€€€€I€will€briefly€outline€the€changed€outlook€in€the€RWDSU€in€terms€Ìof€the€double€day€of€labour,€wage€work,€and€women's€union€organizing.€€€€ÌÌÌ€A.€€DOUBLE€DAY:€PARENTAL€CARE€OF€CHILDREN€€€€ÌÌ(91)€€€The€Retail,€Wholesale€and€Department€Store€Union€supported€three€programmes€in€theÏparental€care€of€children€--€wages€for€mothers,€maternity€leave,€and€universal€day€care.€€TheyÏwere€built€on€contradictory€assumptions€about€the€'proper'€relationships€of€mothers€to€wageÏlabour€(double€day€of€labour).€€ÌÌÌ1.€€WAGES€FOR€MOTHERS€ÌÌ(92)€€€The€RWDSU€appeared€to€support€wages€for€mothers,€a€controversial€programme€withÏbuilt-in€gender€biases.€€In€1969,€the€'RWDSU€RECORD'€printed€an€article,€entitled€"Wages€forÏMothers:€A€Way€to€Fight€Poverty",€by€Dr.€David€Gill,€a€professor€of€Social€Welfare€at€BrandeisÏUniversity.€€He€advocated€that€the€state€pay€minimum€wages€to€mothers€while€they€care€forÏchildren€at€home.€Mothers€who€had€to€withdraw€completely€from€the€labour€force€to€bear€andÏrear€children€were€to€receive€more€than€those€able€to€work€part-time€or€full-time€in€the€labourÏforce.€€Mothers€with€pre-school€children€were€to€be€paid€more€than€those€with€older€children.€€Ð @-(, ÐFN_98€€€Because€there€was€no€mention€in€the€article€of€men€raising€children,€or€being€paid€aÏminimum€wage€to€withdraw€their€labour€from€the€workforce€to€rear€children,€the€author€implicitlyÏsupported€the€traditional€role€of€women€bearing€and€raising€children.€ÌÌÌ€2.€€MATERNITY€LEAVEÌÌ(93)€€€From€the€1950s€to€the€1980s,€the€union€supported€unpaid€maternity€leave€for€parents€andÏthe€guarantee€of€a€job€at€the€end€of€their€leave.€ÌÌ€(94)€€€€In€1955,€Campbell's€Soup€in€Chicago€had€a€policy€of€laying€off€newly€pregnant€womenÏwithout€any€assurance€of€a€return€to€work€after€the€birth€of€the€child.€€Through€RWDSU€LocalÏ194's€efforts,€women€were€allowed€to€work€until€their€sixth€month€of€pregnancy,€and€could€returnÏto€work€six€weeks€after€the€birth€of€the€child.€€€FN_99€€€€ÌÌ(95)€€€In€1961,€the€RWDSU€reported€on€the€Fukuoka€Municipal€Workers'€Union€in€Japan€whichÏdemanded€in€their€contract€a€paternity€leave€for€husbands€so€they€could€perform€domestic€labourÏwhile€their€wives€were€in€hospital.€€€€€FN_100€€€€ÌÌ(96)€€€€In€1977,€the€'RWDSU€RECORD'€reported€on€the€efforts€of€other€labour€organizations,Ïsuch€as€the€United€Steelworkers€of€America,€United€Electrical€Workers,€CommunicationsÏWorkers€of€America,€and€the€AFL-CIO€to€lobby€the€US€Congress€"to€prohibit€employers€fromÏwithholding€disability€pay€in€absences€from€work€resulting€from€childbirth€or€complications€ofÏpregnancy."€€€€FN_101€€€ÌÌ€(97)€€€€In€1984,€during€the€attempt€to€organize€Eaton's€in€Southwestern€Ontario,€RWDSUÏinternational€representative€Tom€Collins,€who€eventually€became€the€head€of€Local€1000€at€theÏstore,€successfully€handled€a€grievance€on€behalf€of€a€RWDSU€member€in€London,€Ontario,€whoÏwas€refused€her€old€job€back€due€to€pregnancy.€€Collins€managed€to€obtain€for€her€$2,264.69€inÏcompensation€from€General€Bakeries.€€€FN_102€€€ÌÌ€(98)€€€In€1987,€the€RWDSU€supported€a€US€Congressional€Bill€"that€would€provide€workers€ofÏeither€sex€the€right€to€take€unpaid€time€off€to€care€for€a€new€baby€without€losing€their€jobs€orÏhealth€insurance€coverage...".€€The€length€of€the€parental€leave€was€to€be€18€weeks.€€€FN_103€€€€ÌÌ3.€€DAY€CARE€ÌÌ(99)€€€The€RWDSU€supported€a€publicly-funded€and€universal-access€day€care€system.€€As€earlyÏas€1969,€the€'RWDSU€RECORD'€printed€an€article€decrying€the€lack€of€adequate€day€care€spacesÏin€the€US.€The€author€of€the€article,€Mary€Logan€of€the€AFL-CIO€Department€of€Social€Security,Ïcalled€for€a€system€of€non-profit€day-care€for€pre-schoolers€and€programs€for€older€children€to€beÏpaid€by€the€US€Federal€Government.€FN_104€€€€€€In€1973,€the€'RWDSU€RECORD'€reported€on€aÏunion€day-care€centre€set€up€by€the€Amalgamated€Clothing€Workers€in€Verona,€Virginia.€€FN_105€Ï€€In€1975€in€Coraopolis,€Pennsylvania,€Local€1199P€of€the€RWDSU€successfully€organized€theÏday-care€workers€€who€were€dissatisfied€with€their€low€wages€of€$1.12€an€hour.€€FN_106€In€1977,Ð @-(, ÐRWDSU€Vice-President€Eleanor€Tilson€joined€a€€day-care€study€tour€€to€France,€Israel,€andÏSweden€sponsored€by€the€Coalition€of€Labour€Union€Women.€€€€€€Impressed€with€what€she€saw,Ïshe€returned€to€the€US€to€press€for€the€legislation€of€a€universal€access€and€publicly-funded€systemÏof€day€care€centres.€€FN_107€€€€In€1981,€the€RWDSU€Canadian€District€Council€passed€aÏresolution€supporting€"...universal€access€to€a€system€of€publicly€funded€non-compulsory€childÏcare€services."€€It€also€suggested€pressuring€the€government€and€developing€educational€programsÏin€the€union€in€this€direction.€€FN_108€€€€€Speaking€in€favour€of€the€resolution€were€Geri€Sheedy,ÏCarole€Currie,€and€Tom€Collins,€all€of€whom€were€active€in€the€Eaton's€campaign€in€SouthwesternÏOntario.€ÌÌÌ€B.€€WAGE€LABOURÌÌÌÌÌ€(100)€€€When€wage€labour€is€examined€directly,€the€Retail,€Wholesale€and€Department€StoreÏunion€began€to€move€in€a€feminist€direction€in€three€respects€--€job€discrimination,€non-traditionalÏwork€and€pay€equity.€While€this€had€its€roots€in€the€1950s,€much€of€the€activity€took€place€sinceÏthe€1970s.€€ÌÌÌ1.€€JOB€DISCRIMINATIONà  àÐ øH ÐÌ€(101)€€€There€was€a€substantial€change€in€the€union's€attitude€to€gender€job€discrimination.€ÏDuring€the€1950s€and€1960s,€there€did€not€seem€to€be€much€consciousness€or€activity€on€thisÏissue.€€In€1959,€the€'RWDSU€RECORD'€printed€a€Barney€Smokestack€cartoon€in€which€the€bossÏcomplains€about€his€employees€who€are€not€willing€to€work€on€a€hot€day;€he€exclaims:€"What€aÏbunch€of€'weak€sisters'€I€have€working€for€me!€€A€little€hot€weather€never€hurt€anyone...€."€€ÏFN_109€€€In€1963,€the€RWDSU€reported€on€the€forced€retirement€at€age€32€of€American€AirlineÏ'stewardesses'.€€Opposition€to€this€policy€was€aired,€not€on€the€basis€of€gender€discrimination,€butÏon€the€basis€of€age€discrimination.€€In€fact,€the€argument€was€made€that€'stewardesses',€likeÏHolywood€actresses€(such€as€Ginger€Rogers,€Rosalind€Russell,€and€Ingrid€Bergman)€retain€theirÏbeauty€in€old€age.€€Patriarchal€attitudes€towards€sex,€rather€than€being€attacked€directly,€wereÏbeing€used€to€oppose€the€policy€of€forced€retirement.€€FN_110€€€€€€In€the€same€year,€RWDSUÏPresident€Max€Greenberg€announced€the€union's€campaign€against€racial€discrimination€on€theÏjob,€but€was€silent€about€gender€discrimination.€€€€€€€€FN_111€€€ÌÌÌ€2.€€NON-TRADITIONAL€WORK€ÌÌ(102)€€€The€union's€ambiguous€position€toward€gender€job€discrimination€began€to€change€in€theÏ1970s€and€1980s.€€€It€started€to€oppose€workplace€gender€discrimination,€and€the€maintenance€ofÏgender€barriers€that€prevented€the€entry€of€women€into€non-traditional€male-dominated€jobs.€€TheÏRWDSU€celebrated€women€who€had€successfully€entered€such€non-traditional€male-dominatedÐ @-(, Ðjobs€as€€€tool€and€die€setters,€€€industrial€painters,€lead€miners,€autoworkers,€€€truck€drivers,€€€Ïmachinists,€tool€designers,€plumbers,€and€carpenters.€€FN_112€€€€€It€became€€a€strong€supporter€ofÏemployment€equity€for€women€and€the€passage€of€the€Equal€Rights€Amendment€Act€(ERA)€in€theÏUnited€States.€€€€FN_113€€€€In€1974,€the€RWDSU€applied€the€same€standard€to€its€own€operationsÏby€amending€its€constitution€prohibiting€'sex€discrimination'€against€any€member€of€the€union.€ÏFN_114€€ÌÌÌ3.€€PAY€EQUITYÌÌÌ€(103)€€€After€initially€€€poking€fun€at€pay€equity€with€an€"equal€smoke€for€equal€work€cartoon",€€Ïbeginning€in€the€early€1960s,€the€RWDSU€strongly€supported€equal€pay€for€substantially€similarÏwork€between€women€and€men.€€FN_115€€€€ÌÌ(104)€€€€In€1963,€RWDSU€Local€414,€which€received€the€original€charter€at€Eaton's,€successfullyÏnegotiated€higher€wage€increases€for€women€than€men€at€Dominion€Stores€in€Sturgeon€Falls,ÏOntario.€€Women€received€wage€increases€of€$11€to€$13€per€week,€while€men€received€increasesÏof€$3€to€$7.€€FN_116€€€€ÌÌ(105)€€€€The€International€RWDSU€lent€strong€support€to€the€Equal€Pay€Bill€that€was€passed€inÏthe€US€Congress€in€1963.€€The€principle€in€this€bill€was€equal€pay€for€substantially€similar€work.€€ÏFN_117€€€€ÌÌ(106)€€€€In€the€latter€1960s€and€early€1970s,€the€union€incorporated€equal€pay€for€equal€work€inÏseveral€collective€agreements.€€FN_118€€€€ÌÌ€(107)€€€€After€the€RWDSU€grieved€on€behalf€of€a€woman€in€an€equal€pay€complaint€against€aÏPittsburg€firm,€the€company€was€found€guilty€in€court€of€discriminatory€pay€and€sued€the€unionÏfor€joint€liability€in€the€amount€of€$229,000.€€This€money,€plus€the€court€costs€involved€in€fightingÏthe€suit,€led€President€Alvin€Heaps€to€characterize€this€case€as€"a€very€substantial€raid€on€theÏunion's€treasury",€and€persuaded€the€international€RWDSU€to€approach€equal€pay€cases€moreÏgingerly,€€FN_119€€€€although€it€continued€to€pass€convention€resolutions€in€support€of€equal€payÏfor€equal€work.€€€FN_120€€€€€ÌÌ(108)€€€€In€Canada,€the€RWDSU€made€a€transition€from€supporting€a€weaker€to€a€stronger€form€ofÏpay€equity.€€In€1972,€in€the€context€of€the€cheapening€of€wages€by€part-time€work,€the€CanadianÏDistrict€Council€passed€a€resolution€supporting€'equal€pay€for€equal€work',€which€means€equal€payÏfor€identical€or€substantially€the€same€work.€€€FN_121€€€€€It€later€swung€its€support€behind€aÏstronger€version€of€pay€equity€-€equal€pay€for€work€of€equal€value€which€means€equal€pay€forÏsubstantially€similar€or€dissimilar€work.€€In€1981,€the€Canadian€District€Council€passed€aÏresolution€encouraging€RWDSU€locals€to€negotiate€'equal€pay€for€work€of€equal€value'€in€theirÏcollective€agreements.€€Carol€Currie,€an€organizer€at€Eaton's,€was€one€of€the€speakers€supportingÏthe€resolution.€€€FN_122€€ÌÐ @-(, ÐC.€€WOMEN'S€UNION€ORGANIZING€ÌÌ€(109)€€€à ` àWomen€in€the€RWDSU€had€always€been€active€in€organizing€new€Ð ˆØ Ðworkers€and€in€€€€€strike€participation.€€€€The€number€of€strikes€in€which€they€Ìstaffed€the€picket€lines€are€too€numerous€to€mention.€This€had€even€received€€€Ìwide€coverage€in€the€corporate€media.€€€€€€However,€three€factors€affecting€that€Ìparticipation€changed€between€the€1950s€and€the€1980s.€As€women€moved€Ìinto€elected€and€appointed€positions€in€the€RWDSU,ÌÌtheir€participation€in€the€daily€affairs€of€the€union€was€increasinglyÌÌfrom€the€position€of€some€influence€within€the€union.€€The€1980s€saw€the€Ìformation€of€several€women's€committees.€€This€allowed€many€women€to€Ìspeak€with€a€more€unified€voice€in€the€union€on€matters€affecting€all€women.€€€ÌÌBy€the€latter€1970s,€the€'RWDSU€RECORD'€dropped€the€moreÌÌovertly€sexist€connotations€in€its€visual€portrayal€of€women's€unionÌÌparticipation.€€€Women€picketers€were€seen€less€as€'sex€objects'€and€moreÌÌas€genderless€workers.ÌÌÌà  àà ` àà ¸ àV.€€CONCLUSIONSÌÌ€(110)€€€Readers€of€hypertext/hypermedia€are€empowered€in€exploring€the€depths€of€theÏcontradictory€co-existence€of€patriarchy€and€feminism.€€The€complexities€of€this€multi-colouredÏquilt€remain€largely€opaque€to€the€readers€of€conventional€print€journals;€other€than€flipping€pagesÏback€and€forth,€they€cannot€exercise€much€control€over€the€viewing€process.€€In€contrast,Ïelectronic€hypertext/€hypermedia€empower€viewers/readers€to€become€controllers€of€their€ownÏthought€processes€as€they€engage€in€an€interactive€dialogue€with€text,€graphics,€sound,€animationÏand€video€(sound€is€available€in€the€WINHELP€version€of€this€article€but€not€in€the€present€HTMLÏversion).€€Use€of€multiple€sensory€capacities€deepens€understandings€in€which€the€development€ofÏideas€is€grounded€in€the€materiality€of€advanced€communications€technology€(at€least€for€this€era).€ÌÌÌ€(111)€€€The€ideological€system€of€the€RWDSU€was€€complex€in€the€dialectical€sense€that€it€couldÏsimultaneously€contain€the€contradictory€principles€of€patriarchy€and€feminism.€During€the€1960sÏwhen€union€officials€were€promoting€equal€pay€for€equal€work,€maternity€leave,€and€day€care,Ïthey€continued€to€manifest€patriarchal€sexist€conceptions€of€union€women,€or€thought€that€womenÏshould€stay€at€home€to€take€care€of€children€rather€than€working€in€the€paid€labour€force.€€€Part€ofÏthe€inconsistency€between€simultaneously€held€patriarchal€and€feminist€principles€was€rooted€inÏthe€more€rapid€advances€toward€feminism€made€in€the€areas€of€wage€work€and€sexuality€than€inÏdomestic€labour.€€During€the€1960s,€the€union€dropped€many€of€its€patriarchal€attitudes€towardÐ @-(, Ðsexuality,€but€continued€to€hold,€well€into€the€1970s,€patriarchal€conceptions€of€the€family€wageÏand€domestic€labour.€Simplistic€linear€evolutional€models€of€societies€and€organizations€lose€muchÏof€their€appeal€when€confronted€by€such€€closer€socio-historical€analyses€of€the€contradictoryÏtransitions€from€€multi-faceted€patriarchal€structures,€practices,€and€ideologies€to€the€beginningsÏof€the€emergence€of€feminism,€primarily€in€its€liberal€face.€€ÌÌ€ÌÌÌÌ_____________________________________________________ÌÌà  àà ` àà ¸ àFOOTNOTESÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌFootnote_1:ÌÌÌÌÌÌFor€example,€see€Alice€Kessler-Harris,€"Where€Are€TheÌÌÌÌÌOrganized€WomenÌÌÐ @-(, Ї€€Workers?",€Feminist€Studies,€3€(1/2),€Fall,€pp.ÌÌÌÌÌ92-110;€and,ÌÌÌÌ€€Ruth€Frager,€"No€Proper€Deal:€Women€€Workers€and€theÌÌÌÌÌCanadianÌÌÌÌ€€Labour€Movement,€1870-1940",€Pp.€44-66€in€LindaÌÌÌÌÌBriskin€and€€LyndaÌÌÌÌ€€Yanz€(eds),€€Union€Sisters.€Toronto:€Women's€Press,ÌÌÌÌÌ1983;€and,€LindaÌÌÌÌ€€Briskin€and€Patricia€McDermott€(eds.),€ChallengingÌÌÌÌÌUnions:€Women,ÌÌÌÐ @-(, Ѐ€Militancy€and€Democracy€Toronto:€€University€ofÌÌÌÌÌToronto€Press,€1993ÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌFootnote_2:ÌÌÌÌÌSee,€in€particular,€Julie€White,€Mail€and€Female:ÌÌÌÌÌWomen€and€theÌÌÌÌ€€Canadian€Union€of€Postal€€Workers.€€Toronto:€ThompsonÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌEducational€Publishers,€1990;€and,€Linda€Briskin€andÌÌÐ @-(, ЇÌPatricia€ÌÌÌÌ€€McDermott€(eds.),€Women€Challenging€Unions:€Feminism,ÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌDemocracy€and€Militancy.€€Toronto:€University€ofÌÌÌÌÌTorontoÌÌÌÌ€€Press,€1993.€€€ÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌFootnote€3:ÌÌÌÌÌErving€Goffman,€Gender€Advertisements.€Intro.€byÌÌÐ @-(, ЇÌVivianÌÌÌÌ€€Gornick.€€Cambridge,€Mass:€€Harvard€UniversityÌÌÌÌÌPress,€1979.€€SeeÌÌÌÌ€€also:€€L.€M.€Henry,€€(1986),€"Theory€and€Practice€ofÌÌÌÌÌVisualÌÌÌÌ€€Sociology",€Current€Sociology€34(3),€1986,€1-76:€€ÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌAmsterdam€Conference€on€€Visual€Anthropology€andÌÌÌÌÌSociology,€EyesÌÌÌÌ€Across€the€Water.€€Amsterdam:€Het€Spinhuis,€€1989:ÌÌÌÐ @-(, Їand,€M.€BallÌÌÌÌ€€and€G.€Smith,€€Analyzing€Visual€Data,€Newbury€Park,ÌÌÌÌÌCalifornia:€Sage€€Publications,€1992.€€€€€ÌÌÌÌÌÌFootnote€4ÌÌÌÌ:ÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌRWDSU€Record,€1€(6),€August€29,€1954,€p.€2;€€22€(11),ÌÌÌÌÌNovember,€1975,€p.€3;€€23€(7),€ÌÌÌÌ€July,€1976,€p.€9;€€26€(2),€ÌFebruary,€1979,€p.€2;€33ÌÌÌÌ€(3),ÌÌÐ @-(, Ї€August/September,€1986,€p.€2.€€€€ÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌFootnote€5ÌÌÌÌ:ÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌRWDSU€Record,€33€(3),€August/September,€1986,€p.€2.ÌÌÌÌÌÌFootnote€6ÌÌÌÌ:ÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌRWDSU€Record,ÌÌÐ @-(, Ї€€33€(3),€August/September,€1986,€p.€2.ÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌFootnote€7:ÌÌÌÌÌRWDSU€Record,€6€(14),€July€19,€1959,€p.€15.€ÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌFootnote€8:ÌÌÌÌÌPublication€of€the€RWDSU,€1€(3),€July€4,€1954,€p.€2;ÌÌÌÌÌRWDSU€Record,€5€(12),ÌÌÌÌ€€June€22,€€1958,€pp.€2,€3;€€Ì9€(10),€May€20,€1962,€p.ÌÌÌÌ€2.Ð @-(, ЇÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌFootnote€9:ÌÌÌÌÌCalculated€from€Proceedings€of€the€Eleventh€RWDSUÌÌÌÌÌInternational€Constitutional€ÌÌÌÌ€€Convention,€1970,€pp.€33-35.ÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌFootnote€10:ÌÌÌÌÌProceedings€of€the€Twelfth€RWDSU€InternationalÌÌÌÐ @-(, ЇConstitutional€Convention,€1974,€pp.ÌÌÌÌ€€28-€31.€ÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌFootnote€11€:€ÌCalculated€from€U.S.€Dept.€of€Labor,ÌÌÌÌ€Bureau€of€Labor€Statistics,€€ÌDirectory€of€€National€€Unions€andÌÌÌÌ€Employee€Associations,ÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌ1975.€€Bulletin€1937.€Washington,€D.C.:€€Government€ÌÌÌÌÌPrinting€Office,ÌÌÌÌ€1977,€pp.€103,€106;€Virginia€A.€Bergquist,€"Women's€ÌÌÐ @-(, ЇÌParticipation€in€ÌÌÌÌLabor€Organizations,"€Monthly€Labor€Review.€97€(10),ÌÌÌÌÌOctober,ÌÌÌÌ€1974,€p.€€6;€and,€RWDSU€€Record,€21€(6),€June,€1974,ÌÌÌÌÌp.€2.€€TheÌÌÌÌ€one€woman€on€RWDSU's€executive€€board€was€€DorisÌÌÌÌÌTurner€from€Local€1199.ÌÌÌÌ€€In€1956€women€made€up€50€per€cent€of€the€RWDSU€€ÌÌÌÌÌmembership,€theÌÌÌÌ€highest€figure€in€its€history.€€Linda€H.€LeGrande,ÌÌÌÐ @-(, Ї"Women€in€Labor€€ÌÌÌÌOrganizations:€Their€Ranks€are€Increasing,"€MonthlyÌÌÌÌÌLabor€Review.ÌÌÌÌ€101€(8),€August,€1978,€€€p.€12.ÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌFootnote€12€:€ÌRWDSU€Record,€21€(6),€June,€1974,€p.€5.ÌÌÌÌÌIn€the€49€€member€Canadian€delegation€at€ÌÌÌÌ€this€€convention,€Ìthere€were€only€two€women.€SeeÌÌÌÌ€Footnote€11,€ÌÌÐ @-(, Їp.€13.€€ÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌFootnote€13:€ÌProceedings€of€the€Twelfth€RWDSUÌÌÌÌÌInternationalÌÌÌÌ€Constitutional€Convention,€1974,€pp.€€122-126.ÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌFootnote€14:ÌÌÌÌÌNew€York€Times,€January€25,€1984,€p.€A25;€€Joshua€B.ÌÌÌÌÌFreeman,€"The€€Trouble€at€1199:€ÌÌÐ @-(, ЇHospital€Workers,€Heal€ÌThyselves,"€The€Nation.€238ÌÌÌÌ€(12),€March€31,€€1984,€p.€380.€ÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌFootnote€15:ÌÌÌÌÌBy€1984,€District€1199€accounted€for€56€per€cent€ofÌÌÌÌÌtotal€RWDSU€membership.€ÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌFootnote€16€:€ÌCalculated€from€U.S.€Dept.€of€Labor,ÌÌÌÌ€Bureau€of€Labor€Ð @-(, ÐStatistics.€Directory...,€€ÌÌÌÌ1980,€p.€96.ÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌFootnote€17€:€ÌProminent€among€such€women€was€EleanorÌÌÌÌ€Tilson€from€Ìthe€United€Storeworkers.€€€€However,€Floris€SaundersÌÌÌÌÌwas€appointed€as€one€of€the€alternative€vice€presidentsÌÌÌÌÌof€€€RWDSU€in€1982;€€she€had€also€been€a€member€ofÌÌÌÌÌthe€executive€boardÌÌÌÌ€of€the€New€York€€City€chapter€of€ÌCLUW€during€theÐ @-(, ЇÌÌ€1970s.€€RWDSU€Record,ÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌ21€(8),€August,€1974,€p.€4;€€21€€(10),€€October,ÌÌÌÌÌ1974,€p.€5;€€21€(11),ÌÌÌÌ€November,€1974,€p.€4;€€Ì21€(12),€December,€1974,€p.€ÌÌÌÌ16;€€€22€(1),ÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌJanuary,€1975,€p.€4;€€29€(5),€June/July,€1982,€p.€2.ÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌFootnote€18€:€Ð @-(, ÐRWDSU€Record,€23€(7),€July,€1976,€p.ÌÌÌÌ€11;€€27€(6€7),€ÌJune/July,€1980,€p.€11.ÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌFootnote€19:€ÌRWDSU€Record,€21€(4),€April,€1974,€p.€5;ÌÌÌÌÌ21€(7),€July,€1974,€p.€4;€€21€(8),€€August,€ÌÌÌÌÌ1974,€p.€4;€€21€(10),€October,€1974,€p.€5;€€21€(11),ÌÌÌÌÌNovember,€1974,€p.ÌÌÌÌ€4;€€21€€(12),€€December,€1974,€p.€16;€€22€(1),ÌÌÌÌÌJanuary,€1975,€p.€4;€€22ÌÌÌÌ€(2),€February,€1975,€Ð @-(, Ðp.€€10;€23€€(1),€January,€1976,ÌÌÌÌ€pp.€3,€10;€€23€(7),ÌÌÌÌÌJuly,€1976,€p.€11;€€24€(10),€October,€€1977,€p.€8;€€ÌÌÌÌÌ24€(11),€November,ÌÌÌÌ€1977,€pp.€7,€9;€€24€(12),€December,€1977,€p.€3;€€26ÌÌÌÌÌ(3),€€March,€€1979,ÌÌÌÌ€p.€13;€€26€(4),€April,€1979,€p.€12;€€26€(8),€August,ÌÌÌÌÌ1979,€p.€13;€€26€(9ÌÌÌÌ,€€10),€€September€October,€1979,€p.€4;€€26€(12),ÌÌÌÌÌDecember,€1979,€p.€8;€ÌÌÌÐ @-(, Ð27€(6€7),€June€€€July,€€1980,€p.€11.ÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌFootnote€€20:€ÌFor€example,€see€AFL€CIO€News,€May€8,ÌÌÌÌÌ1982,€p.€3;€€May€28,€1983,€p.€5;€€October€ÌÌÌÌÌ15,€€1983,€p.€15;€€December€3,€1983,€p.€6;€JanuaryÌÌÌÌÌ28,€1984,€p.€3;€ÌÌÌÌMarch€17,€1984,€p.€€4;€€€March€31,€1984,€p.€5;€€AprilÌÌÌÌÌ28,€1984,€p.€1.€€€ÌÌÌÌOf€course,€the€left€attacked€CLUW€€for€the€ÌÐ @-(, ЇÌÌcompromises€it€made€withÌÌÌÌ€conservative€trade€union€bureaucratism,€Ìbut€thisÌÌÌÌ€hardly€€seems€€a€reasonÌÌÌÌ€for€the€weak€support€by€the€RWDSU.€€ÌSee€Philip€S.ÌÌÌÌ€Foner,€Women€€and€the€€American€Labor€Movement.€€ÌFrom€World€WarÌÌÌÌ€I€to€the€€Present.€€New€York:€Free€Press,€€1980,€pp.ÌÌÌÌÌ531€2.ÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌFootnote€€21:€ÌRWDSU€Record,€24€(12),€December,€1977,ÌÌÌÐ @-(, Їp.€4;€€25€(5),€May€June,€1978,€p.€12;€€25€€(9),ÌÌÌÌÌ€September,€1978,€p.€4;€€26€(4),€April,€1979,€p.€12;€ÌÌÌÌÌ28€(6),€June,ÌÌÌÌ€1981,€p.€6;€€28€€(9),€€October,€1981,€p.€11.€€One€ofÌÌÌÌÌthese€conferencesÌÌÌÌ€was€organized€by€the€Ontario€Federation€€Ìof€LabourÌÌÌÌ€and€attended€by€49ÌÌÌÌ€Eaton€strikers€after€the€signing€Ìof€their€1985€ÌÌÌÌ€contract.€€See€€RWDSU€Record,ÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÐ @-(, Ї32€(4),€August/September,€1985,€p.€11.ÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌFootnote€22:€ÌRWDSU€Record,€29€(5),€June/July,€1982,ÌÌÌÌÌp.€12.€€See€also€ibid,€26€(12),€December,€ÌÌÌÌÌ1979,€€p.€2.€€The€Service€Employees€InternationalÌÌÌÌÌUnion€unwittinglyÌÌÌÌ€pointed€to€the€severe€€underrepresentation€Ìof€womenÌÌÌÌ€in€the€leadership€ofÌÌÌÌ€ÌÌÌÌthe€American€labor€movement€Ìwhen€it€€€pronouncedÐ @-(, ЇÌÌ€proudly€that€Miller€hadÌÌÌÌÌattained€"...the€highest€post€held€in€the€labor€€ÌÌÌÌÌmovement€by€a€woman."ÌÌÌÌ€Service€Employee.€40€(10),€May,€1981,€p.€7.€€ÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌFootnote€23:€ÌCalculated€from€RWDSU€Record,€29€(5),ÌÌÌÌ€June/July,€1982,€pp.€2,€10,€13.ÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌFootnoteÌÌÌÐ @-(, Ѐ24:ÌRWDSU€Record,€30€(4),€August/September,ÌÌÌÌ€1983,€p.€6.€€ÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌFootnote€25ÌÌÌÌ:ÌRWDSU€Record,€33€(1),€February/March,ÌÌÌÌ€1986,€p.€3.€€€€ÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌ€FootnoteÌÌÌÌ€26:ÌRWDSU€Constitution,€Article€VI,ÌÌÌÌÌSection€6,€p.€20;€€RWDSU€Record,€21€(6),€June,€1974,€€€p.Ð @-(, ЇÌÌÌ2.€€A€constitutional€amendment€in€1974€provided€for€€theÌÌÌÌÌelection€of€the€Canadian€€Director€by€Canadian€delegates€to€theÌÌÌÌÌinternational€€conventions.€€The€other€Canadian€€union€officers,ÌÌÌÌÌhowever,€continued€to€be€appointed€by€€the€international.€ÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌFootnote€27ÌÌÌÌ:ÌThe€most€rapid€gains€made€by€women€among€theÌÌÌÌÌCanadian€membership€were€during€the€€€1960s€when€theirÌÌÌÌÌproportion€increased€from€26.1€per€cent€in€1962€to€32.7€per€centÌÐ @-(, ЇÌÌin€€€1969;€between€1969€and€1982,€women€increased€only€from€32.7ÌÌÌÌÌto€35.3€per€cent,€€although€they€reached€36.9€per€cent€in€1981.€ÌÌÌÌÌCalculated€from€Dominion€Bureau€of€€Statistics€€(StatisticsÌÌÌÌÌCanada),€Annual€Report€of€the€Minister€of€Trade€and€CommerceÌÌÌÌÌ(Minister€of€€Supply€and€Services)€Under€the€Corporations€andÌÌÌÌÌLabour€Unions€Returns€Act,€€Part€II:€Labour€Unions,€Ottawa:ÌÌÌÌÌQueen's€Printer,€various€years€(hereafter€CALURA).€ÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÐ @-(, ЇÌFootnote€28ÌÌÌÌ:ÌLetter€from€George€Barlow,€Canadian€DirectorÌÌÌÌÌof€RWDSU€to€A.€E.€Hemming,€Executive€€Secretary€of€the€CanadianÌÌÌÌÌLabour€Congress,€25€Nov.,€1971€(George€Barlow€Papers,ÌÌÌÌÌNational€Archives€of€Canada,€MG€28€I€286,€Vol.€1,€File€1-21);€ÌÌÌÌÌLabour€Canada,€Directory€€of€Labour€Organizations€inÌÌÌÌÌCanada.€Ottawa:€Minister€of€€Supply€and€Services,€various€ÌÌÌÌÌyears;€Thomas€Ernest€Collins,€The€Retail,€Wholesale€andÌÌÌÌÌDepartment€Store€Union.€The€€Political€Behaviour€of€a€TradeÌÌÌÐ @-(, ЇUnion€in€Ontario.€€€Unpublished€M.A.€Thesis,€University€of€ÌÌÌÌÌWestern€Ontario,€London,€Ontario,€1974,€pp.€24,€€39€40,€70,€136ÌÌÌÌÌ7,€139;€€RWDSU€€Record,€19€(6),€June,€1972,€p.€20;€€23ÌÌÌÌÌ(1),€January,€1976,€€p.€9;€26€(2),€February,€1979,€€p.€5;€€27ÌÌÌÌÌ(1),€January,€1980,€p.€7.€€ÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌFootnote€29ÌÌÌÌ:ÌCalculated€from€CALURA,€andÌÌÌÌ€Proceedings€of€the€Second€ÌMeeting€of€the€Retail,€Wholesale€ÌÌÌÌand€Department€Store€Union,€Ð @-(, ÐCanadian€District€Council,€12-13ÌÌÌÌ€May€(1972),€Ottawa.€€€Gender€Ìcould€be€determined€for€only€82€perÌÌÌÌ€cent€of€the€delegates.€€€ÌÌÌÌÌÌFootnote_30ÌÌÌÌ:ÌCalculated€from€Proceedings€of€the€SixthÌÌÌÌÌMeeting€of€the€Retail,€Wholesale€and€Department€€Store€Union,ÌÌÌÌÌAFL-CIO-CLC,€Canadian€District€Council.€€Moncton,€NewÌÌÌÌÌBrunswick,€October€€29-30,€1979€(mimeo);€and€from€CALURA.ÌÌÌÌÌThe€17€per€cent€figure€is€based€on€115€of€the€€157€delegatesÌÌÌÌÐ @-(, Ð(73€per€cent)€whose€gender€could€be€determined.€ÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌFootnote€31ÌÌÌÌ:ÌCalculated€from€Proceedings€of€the€SeventhÌÌÌÌÌMeeting€of€the€Retail,€Wholesale€and€€Department€Store€Union,ÌÌÌÌÌAFL-CIO-CLC,€Canadian€District€Council.€€Winnipeg,€Manitoba,ÌÌÌÌÌOctober€26-27,€1981€(mimeo);€and,€from€CALURA.€€The€11ÌÌÌÌÌper€cent€figure€is€based€on€€112€of€the€119€delegates€(94%)ÌÌÌÌÌwhose€gender€could€be€determined.€€ÌÌÌÌÐ @-(, ЇÌÌÌÌFootnoteÌÌÌÌ€32:ÌRWDSU€Record,€3€(20),€October€28,ÌÌÌÌ€1956,€p.€15.€ÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌFootnoteÌÌÌÌ€33:ÌRWDSU€Record,€7€(15),€August€28,ÌÌÌÌ€1960,€p.€6.€ÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌFootnoteÌÌÐ @-(, Ї€34:ÌRWDSU€Record,€3€(21),€November€11,ÌÌÌÌ€1956,€p.€15.€ÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌFootnoteÌÌÌÌ€35:ÌRWDSU€Record,€5€(4),€March€16,€1958,ÌÌÌÌ€p.€15.€ÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌFootnoteÌÌÌÌ€36:ÌRWDSU€Record,€4€(13),€July€7,€1957,ÌÌÌÌ€p.€15.€ÌÐ @-(, ЇÌÌÌÌÌÌÌFootnoteÌÌÌÌ€37:ÌRWDSU€Record,€9€(16),€August€26,ÌÌÌÌ€1962,€p.€15;€15€(1),€ÌJanuary€7,€1968,€p.€8;€18€(8),€April€25,ÌÌÌÌ€1971,€p.€16.€ÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌFootnoteÌÌÌÌ€38:ÌRWDSU€Record,€2€(18),€October€2,ÌÌÌÌ€1955,€p.€16;€€5€(2),€ÌFebruary€2,€1958,€p.€10;€6€(24),€DecemberÌÌÌÐ @-(, Ѐ20,€1959,€p.€16.ÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌ€FootnoteÌÌÌÌ€39:ÌRWDSU€Record,€3€(1),€January€22,ÌÌÌÌ€1956,€p.€12.€ÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌFootnoteÌÌÌÌ€40:ÌRWDSU€Record,€2€(22),€November€27,ÌÌÌÌÌ1955,€p.€15.€€The€editorial€board€of€the€'RWDSU€Record'ÌÌÌÌÌconsisted€of€five€men€-editor€Max€Steinbock,€managing€editorÐ @-(, ЇÌÌÌBernard€Stephens,€art€editor€Stanley€Glaubach,€and€assistantÌÌÌÌÌeditors€Roland€Willoughby€and€Robert€Dobbs.€€See€PublicationÌÌÌÌÌof€the€RWDSU,€1€(3),€July€4,€1954,€p.€7;€€RWDSUÌÌÌÌÌRecord,€4€(22),€November€24,€1957,€p.€2.€€The€first€woman,ÌÌÌÌÌNancy€Leiserson,€joined€the€board€as€an€editorial€assistant€inÌÌÌÌÌ1963.€€RWDSU€Record,€10€(4),€February€24th,€1963,€p.€2.ÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌFootnoteÌÐ @-(, Ї̀41:ÌRWDSU€Record,€2€(18),€October€2,ÌÌÌÌÌ1955,€p.€16;€€5€(7),€April€13,€1958,€pp.€12-13.ÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌFootnoteÌÌÌÌ€42:ÌRWDSU€Record,€5€(12),€June,€22,€1958,ÌÌÌÌ€p.€15.€ÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌFootnoteÌÌÌÌ€43:ÌRWDSU€Record,€7€(3),€February€14,ÌÌÌÐ @-(, Ѐ1960,€p.€12.€ÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌFootnoteÌÌÌÌ€44:ÌRWDSU€Record,€15€(18),€September€15,ÌÌÌÌ€1968,€p.€8.€€ÌThe€photo€was€of€"Labour€Princess"€Heather€Smith€ofÌÌÌÌ€Ottawa.€€ÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌFootnoteÌÌÌÌ€45:ÌRWDSU€Record,€2€(9),€May€15,€1955,€p.ÌÌÌÌÌ14;€€3€(2),€February€5,€1956,€p.€15;€€2€(24),€December€25,€1956,Ð @-(, ЇÌÌÌp.€15;€€3€(3),€February€19,€1956,€p.€15.€ÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌFootnote€46ÌÌÌÌ:ÌRWDSU€Record,€3€(2),€February€5,€1956,ÌÌÌÌ€p.€15.€ÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌFootnoteÌÌÌÌ€47:ÌRWDSU€Record,€10€(4),€February€24,ÌÌÌÌ€1963,€p.€15.€ÌÌÌÐ @-(, ЇÌÌÌÌÌFootnoteÌÌÌÌ€48:ÌRWDSU€Record,€3€(20),€October€28,ÌÌÌÌ€1956,€p.8.ÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌFootnoteÌÌÌÌ€49:ÌRWDSU€Record,€2€(24),€December€25,ÌÌÌÌ€1955,€p.€15.€ÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÐ @-(, ЇFootnote€50:ÌRWDSU€Record,ÌÌÌ€6€(5),€March€15,€1959,€p.€15.ÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌFootnote€51:ÌRWDSU€Record,ÌÌ€4€(9),€May€12,€1957,€p.€15.ÌÌÌÌÌÌFootnote€52:ÌRWDSU€Record,ÌÌ€5€(23),€December€7,€1958,€p.€15.ÌÌÌÌÌÌFootnote€53:€ÌRWDSU€Record,ÌÌ€7€(5),€March€13,€1960,€p.€15.ÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌFootnote€54:ÌRWDSU€Record,Ð @-(, Ї€3€(3),€February€19,€1956,€p.€15.ÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌFootnote€55:ÌRWDSU€Record,ÌÌ€7€(16),€September,€1960,€p.€4.ÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌFootnote€56:ÌRWDSU€Record,ÌÌ€8€(7),€April€9,€1961,€p.€4.ÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌFootnote€57:€ÌRWDSU€Record,ÌÌ€8€(10),€May€21,€1961,€p.€15.€€€See€also€ÌRWDSU€Record,€15€(19),ÌÌ€September€29,€1968,€p.€15.ÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌFootnote€58:Ð @-(, ÐRWDSU€Record,ÌÌ€14€(4),€February€19,€1967,€p.€4.ÌÌÌÌFootnote€59:ÌProceedings€of€the€Seventh€Meeting€of€the€Retail,€ÌWholesale€and€Department€StoreÌUnion,€AFL-CIO-CLC,€Canadian€District€Council,€Winnipeg,ÌManitoba,€October€26-27,€1981,€p.€10€(mimeo).ÌÌÌÌÌÌFootnote€60:ÌRWDSU€Record,ÌÌÌ6€(3),€February€15,€1959,€p.€15;€€6€(7),€April€12,€1959,€p.€15;€€6€(23),ÌÌÌDecember€6,€1959,€p.€15;€€6€(24),€December€20,€1959,€p.€15;€€7€(2),ÌÌÌJanuary€31,€1960,€p.€15;€€7€(5),€March€13,€1960,€p.€15;€€8€(23),ÌÌÌDecember€3,€1961,€p.€15.ÌÌÌÌÌÌFootnote€61:ÌRWDSU€Record,ÌÌ€1€(6),€August€29,€1954,€p.€11.ÌÌÌÌÌÌFootnote€62:Ð @-(, ÐRWDSU€Record,ÌÌÌ1€(7),€September€12,€1954,€p.€12;€€1€(11),€November€14,€1954,€p.€14;€€7ÌÌÌ(2),€January€31,€1960,€p.€15;€€8€(4),€February€26,€1961,€p.€15.ÌÌÌÌÌÌFootnote€63:ÌRWDSU€Record,ÌÌ€6€(16),€August€30,€1959,€p.€15;€€9€(6),€ÌMarch€25,€1962,€p.€15;€€9€(9),ÌÌ€May€6,€1962,€p.€15;€€9€(14),€ÌJuly€15,€1962,€p.€15;€€9€(22),€November€18,ÌÌÌ1962,€p.€15;€€16€(21),€1969,€p.€15;€€16€(22),€November€23,€1969,€p.€15;€ÌÌÌ22€(11),€November,€1975,€p.€14.ÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌFootnote€64€:ÌRWDSU€Record,ÌÌ€2€(19),€October€16,€1955,€p.€15.ÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌFootnote€65:Ð @-(, ÐRWDSU€Record,ÌÌ€14€(7),€September€3,€1967,€p.€15.ÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌFootnote€66:ÌRWDSU€Record,ÌÌ€7€(1),€January€17,€1960,€p.€15.€€ÌSee€also€€RWDSU€Record,€5€(16),ÌÌ€August€31,€1958,€Ìp.€15;€€5€(24),€December€21,€1958,€p.€15;€€8€(21),ÌÌ€ÌNovember€5,€1961,€p.€15;€€16€(10),€May€25,€1969,€p.€15.€ÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌFootnote€67:ÌRWDSU€Record,ÌÌ€16€(7),€April€13,€1969,€p.€15.€€€See€also€ÌRWDSU€Record,€14€(13),ÌÌ€June€25,€1967,€p.€14;€€14€(20),€ÌOctober€15,€1967,€p.€14;€€4€(2),€OctoberÌÌÌ27,€1957,€p.€12;€16€(3),€February€9,€1969,€p.€14;€€20€(3),€March,€1973,ÌÌÌp.€14;€€22€(11),€November,€1975,€p.€14;€€24€(8),€August,€1977,€p.€14.ÌÌÌÐ @-(, ЇÌÌÌFootnote€68:ÌRWDSU€Record,ÌÌ€4€(7),€April€14,€1957,€p.€15.ÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌFootnote€69:ÌRWDSU€Record,ÌÌ€3€(21),€November€11,€1956,€p.€15.€€ÌSee€also€RWDSU€Record,€6€(3),ÌÌ€February€15,€1959,€p.€15;€€Ì15€(11),€May€26,€1968,€p.€15;€€16€(2),ÌÌ€January€26,€1969,€p.€15.ÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌFootnote€70:ÌRWDSU€Record,ÌÌ€6€(21),€November€8,€1959,€p.€15.ÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌFootnote€71:ÌRWDSU€Record,ÌÐ @-(, Ѐ14€(5),€March€5,€1967,€p.€15.€€See€also€ÌRWDSU€Record,€14€(20),ÌÌÌOctober€15,€1967,€p.€15;€€20€(3),€March,€1973,€p.€15.ÌÌÌÌÌÌFootnote€72:ÌRWDSU€Record,ÌÌ€7€(4),€February€28,€1960,€p.€14.ÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌFootnote€73:ÌRWDSU€Record,ÌÌ€7€(19),€October€23,€1960,€p.€12.€€ÌSee€also€RWDSU€Record,€7€(16),ÌÌ€September€11,€1960,€p.€15.ÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌFootnote€74:ÌRWDSU€Record,ÌÌÌ8€(17),€September€10,€1961,€p.€11.ÌÌÌÌÌÐ @-(, ÐFootnote€75:ÌRWDSU€Record,ÌÌ€4€(22),€November€24,€1957,€p.€14.ÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌFootnote€76:ÌRWDSU€Record,ÌÌ€8€(21),€November€5,€1961,€p.€10.ÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌFootnote€77:ÌRWDSU€Record,ÌÌ€5€(1),€January€19,€1958,€p.€8;€€Ìsee€also€RWDSU€Record,€4€(5),ÌÌ€March€17,€1957,€p.€15.ÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌFootnote€78:€ÌRWDSU€Record,€8€(22),€November€19,€1961,€p.€10;€€16€(4),€ÌFebruary€23,€1969,€p.€4.ÌÌÌÌÌÌFootnote€79:Ð @-(, ÐRWDSU€Record,€3€(23),€December€9,€1956,€p.€14.€€See€also€RWDSU€ÌRecord,€2€(5),€March€20,€1955,€p.€14;€€2€(11),€June€12,€1955,€p.€15;€€Ì3€(20),€October€28,€1956,€p.€15;€€5€(1),€January€19,€1958,€p.€15;€€Ì5€(2),€February€2,€1958,€p.€15;€€5€(18),€September€28,€1958,€p.€15;€€Ì8€(21),€8€(6),€March€26,€1961,€p.€15;€€November€5,€1961,€p.€12;€€Ì15€(24),€December€22,€1968,€p.€15;€€16€(3),€February€9,€1969,€p.€15;€€Ì16€(7),€April€13,€1969,€p.€15;€€16€(17),€September€14,€1969,€p.€15.ÌÌÌÌÌÌFootnote€80:ÌRWDSU€Record,€8€(10),€May€21,€1961,€p.€15;€€8€(18),€September€24,€1961,€p.€15.ÌÌÌÌÌÌFootnote€81:ÌRWDSU€Record,ÌÌ€7€(2),€January€31,€1960,€p.€15;€€Ì7€(10),€May€22,€1960,€p.€15;€€6€(23),ÌÌ€December€18,€1960,€p.€15.€ÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌFootnote€82:ÌPublication€of€the€RWDSU,ÌÌÌ1€(2),€June€20,€1954,€p.€14;€RWDSU€Record,€1€(12),€November€28,ÌÌÌ1954,€p.€14;€€6€(16),€August€30,€1959,€p.€15;€€15€(20),€October€13,ÌÌÌ1968,€p.€15.ÌÐ @-(, ЇÌÌÌFootnote€83:ÌRWDSU€Record,ÌÌ€4€(4),€March€17,€1957,€p.€15.ÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌFootnote€84:ÌRWDSU€Record,ÌÌ€8€(22),€November€19,€1961,€p.€15.ÌÌÌÌÌÌFootnote€85:ÌRWDSU€Record,ÌÌ€6€(6),€March€29,€1959,€p.€15.ÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌFootnote€86:ÌRWDSU€Record,ÌÌ€6€(15),€August€16,€1959,€p.€15.ÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÐ @-(, ÐFootnote€87:ÌRWDSU€Record,ÌÌ€8€(7),€April€9,€1961,€p.€15.€€ÌSee€also€Publication€of€the€RWDSU,ÌÌÌ1€(3),€July€4,€1954,€p.€12;€€RWDSU€Record,€1€(12),€NovemberÌÌÌ28th,€1954,€p.€14;€€16€(9),€May€11,€1969,€p.€15.ÌÌÌÌÌÌFootnote€88:ÌRWDSU€Record,€1€(13),€December€12,€1954,€p.€12.€€ÌSee€also€RWDSU€Record,€7€(3),€February€14,€1960,€p.€8;€€Ì9€(12),€June€17,€1962,€p.€2.€ÌÌÌÌÌÌFootnote€89:ÌPublication€of€the€RWDSU,€1€(1),€June€6,€1954,€p.€16.€ÌÌÌÌÌÌFootnote€90:ÌRWDSU€Record,€3€(17),€September€16,€1956,€p.€8.€ÌÌÌÌÌÌFootnote€91:ÌRWDSU€Record,€19€(8),€August,€1972,€p.€11;€€20€(9),€September,€1973,€Ìp.€9;€€24€(12),€December,€1977,€pp.€1,€4;€€25€(5),€May-June,€1978,€p.€12;€€Ì26€(1),€January,€1979,€pp.€8-9;€€€€33€(4),€October/November,€1986,€p.€11;€€Ì34€(1),€January/February,€1987,€pp.€6,€12.ÌÐ @-(, ЇÌÌÌFootnote€92:ÌPublication€of€the€RWDSU,€1€(2),€June€20,€1954,€p.€4.ÌÌÌÌÌÌFootnote€93:ÌRWDSU€Record,€9€(21),€November€4,€1962,€p.€4.ÌÌÌÌÌÌFootnote€94:ÌRWDSU€Record,€2€(5),€March€20,€1955,€p.€10.€ÌÌÌÌÌÌFootnote€95:ÌRWDSU€Record,€4€(12),€June€23,€1957,€p.€12.€ÌÌÌÌÌÌFootnote€96:ÌRWDSU€Record,€7€(18),€October€9,€1960,€p.€15.€ÌÌÌÌÌÌFootnote€97:ÌRWDSU€Record,€2€(1),€January€23,€1955,€p.€5.€ÌÌÌÌÌÐ @-(, ÐFootnote€98:ÌRWDSU€Record,€16€(9),€May€11,€1969,€p.€11.€ÌÌÌÌÌÌFootnote€99:ÌRWDSU€Record,€2€(17),€September€18,€1955,€p.€7.€ÌÌÌÌÌÌFootnote€100:ÌRWDSU€Record,€8€(14),€July€30,€1961,€p.€4.€ÌÌÌÌÌÌFootnote€101:ÌRWDSU€Record,€24€(6),€June,€1977,€p.€10.€€See€also€RWDSU€Record,€Ì25€(9),€September,€1978,€p.€7;€€34€(1),€January/February,€1987,€p.€2.€ÌÌÌÌÌFootnote€102:ÌRWDSU€Record,€31€(2),€June/July,€1984,€p.€11.ÌÌÌÌFootnote€103:ÌRWDSU€Record,€34€(3),€May/June,€1987,€p.€6.€ÌÌÌÌFootnote€104:ÌRWDSU€Record,€16€(19),€October€12,€1969,€p.€11.€ÌÌÌÌFootnote€105:ÌRWDSU€Record,€20€(8),€August,€1973,€p.€6.€€Ð @-(, ЇÌÌFootnote€106:ÌRWDSU€Record,€22€(3),€March,€1975,€p.€5.€€ÌÌÌÌFootnote€107:ÌRWDSU€Record,€24€(4),€April,€1977,€p.€6;€€24€(6),€June,€1977,€p.€8.€€ÌÌÌÌFootnote€108:ÌProceedings€of€the€Seventh€Meeting€of€the€Retail,€Wholesale€Ìand€Department€Store€Union,€AFL-CIO-CLC,€Canadian€District€ÌCouncil.€Winnipeg,€Manitoba,€October€26-27,€1981,€p.€13.€ÌÌÌÌFootnote€109:ÌRWDSU€Record,€6€(15),€August€16,€1959,€p.€15.€€ÌÌÌÌFootnote€110:ÌRWDSU€Record,€10€(10),€May€19,€1963,€p.€4.€ÌÌÌÌFootnote€111:ÌRWDSU€Record,€10€(12),€June€16,€1963,€pp.€4,€13.ÌÌÌÌFootnote€112:ÌRWDSU€Record,€21€(3),€March,€1974,€p.€16;€€21€(8),€August,€1974,€p.€10;€€Ì21€(12),€December,€1974,€p.€16;€€22€(10),€October,€1975,€p.€16;€€23€(10),€ÌOctober,€1976,€p.€13;€€23€(11),€November,€1976,€p.€5;€€25€(2),€February,€Ì1978,€p.€16;€€26€(5),€May,€1979,€p.€16;€€26€(11),€November,€1979,€p.€16.€ÌÌÌÌFootnote€113:ÌRWDSU€Record,€21€(8),€August,€1974,€p.€10;€€22€(3),€March,€1975,€p.€5;€€Ì22€(9),€September,€1975,€p.€5;€€23€(1),€January,€1976,€p.€3;€€24€(12),€Ð @-(, ÐDecember,€1977,€p.€3;€€25€(8),€August,€1978,€pp.€3,€16;€€29€(5),€ÌJune/July,€1982,€pp.€3,€13;€€30€(4),€August/September,€1983,€p.€4.€ÌÌÌÌFootnote€114€:ÌProceedings€of€the€Twelfth€International€RWDSU€ConstitutionalÌConvention,€1974,€p.€68.ÌÌÌÌFootnote€115:ÌFor€definitional€distinctions€among€'equal€pay€for€equal€work',€'equal€pay€Ìfor€substantially€similar€work',€and€'equal€pay€for€work€of€equal€value',€Ìsee€Carl€J.€Cuneo,€Pay€Equity:€The€Labour-Feminist€Challenge.€Ì(Toronto:€Oxford€University€Press,€1990),€Chapter€One.€ÌÌÌÌFootnote€116:ÌRWDSU€Record,€10€(5),€March€10,€1963,€p.€8.€€During€the€1950s,€Ìthe€RWDSU€at€Dominion€Stores€had€negotiated€lower€pay€raises€Ìfor€women€than€for€men.€€See€RWDSU€Record,€5€(23),€December€7,€Ì1958,€p.€8;€€6€(15),€August€16,€1959,€p.€8.€ÌÌÌÌFootnote€117:ÌRWDSU€Record,€8€(13),€July€2,€1961,€p.€13;€€9€(13),€July€1,€1962,€p.€3;€Ì9€(14),€July€15,€1962,€p.€4;€€9€(15),€August€12,€1962,€p.€2;€€10€(9),€ÌMay€5,€1963,€p.€2;€€10€(11),€June€2,€1963,€p.€2;€€10€(13),€June€30,€1963,€p.€3.€ÌÌÌÌFootnote€118:ÌRWDSU€Record,€14€(2),€January€22,€1967,€p.€7;€€18€(5),€March€14,€1971,€p.€8.ÌÌÌÌFootnote€119:ÌRWDSU€Record,€23€(7),€July,€1976,€p.€14;€€29€(5),€June/July,€1982,€p.€12.€€ÌÌÌÌÐ @-(, ЇFootnote€120:ÌRWDSU€Record,€28€(9),€October,€1981,€p.€11;€€30€(4),€ÌAugust/September,€1983,€p.€4.ÌÌÌÌFootnote€121:ÌProceedings€of€the€Second€Meeting€of€the€RWDSU,€Canadian€ÌDistrict€Council,€12-13€May€(1972),€Ottawa.ÌÌÌÌFootnote€122:ÌProceedings€of€the€Seventh€Meeting€of€the€RWDSU,€Canadian€ÌDistrict€Council,€Winnipeg,€Manitoba,€1981,€p.€7.ÌÌÌ____________________________________ÌÌEND€OF€ARTICLEÌ_______________________________________________________ÌÌÌÌÌ