_____________________________________________________ FOOTNOTES Footnote_1: For example, see Alice Kessler-Harris, "Where Are The Organized Women Workers?", Feminist Studies, 3 (1/2), Fall, pp. 92-110; and, Ruth Frager, "No Proper Deal: Women Workers and the Canadian Labour Movement, 1870-1940", Pp. 44-66 in Linda Briskin and Lynda Yanz (eds), Union Sisters. Toronto: Women's Press, 1983; and, Linda Briskin and Patricia McDermott (eds.), Challenging Unions: Women, Militancy and Democracy Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1993 Footnote_2: See, in particular, Julie White, Mail and Female: Women and the Canadian Union of Postal Workers. Toronto: Thompson Educational Publishers, 1990; and, Linda Briskin and Patricia McDermott (eds.), Women Challenging Unions: Feminism, Democracy and Militancy. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1993. Footnote 3: Erving Goffman, Gender Advertisements. Intro. by Vivian Gornick. Cambridge, Mass: Harvard University Press, 1979. See also: L. M. Henry, (1986), "Theory and Practice of Visual Sociology", Current Sociology 34(3), 1986, 1-76: Amsterdam Conference on Visual Anthropology and Sociology, Eyes Across the Water. Amsterdam: Het Spinhuis, 1989: and, M. Ball and G. Smith, Analyzing Visual Data, Newbury Park, California: Sage Publications, 1992. Footnote 4 : RWDSU Record, 1 (6), August 29, 1954, p. 2; 22 (11), November, 1975, p. 3; 23 (7), July, 1976, p. 9; 26 (2), February, 1979, p. 2; 33 (3), August/September, 1986, p. 2. Footnote 5 : RWDSU Record, 33 (3), August/September, 1986, p. 2. Footnote 6 : RWDSU Record, 33 (3), August/September, 1986, p. 2. Footnote 7: RWDSU Record, 6 (14), July 19, 1959, p. 15. Footnote 8: Publication of the RWDSU, 1 (3), July 4, 1954, p. 2; RWDSU Record, 5 (12), June 22, 1958, pp. 2, 3; 9 (10), May 20, 1962, p. 2. Footnote 9: Calculated from Proceedings of the Eleventh RWDSU International Constitutional Convention, 1970, pp. 33-35. Footnote 10: Proceedings of the Twelfth RWDSU International Constitutional Convention, 1974, pp. 28- 31. Footnote 11 : Calculated from U.S. Dept. of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, Directory of National Unions and Employee Associations, 1975. Bulletin 1937. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1977, pp. 103, 106; Virginia A. Bergquist, "Women's Participation in Labor Organizations," Monthly Labor Review. 97 (10), October, 1974, p. 6; and, RWDSU Record, 21 (6), June, 1974, p. 2. The one woman on RWDSU's executive board was Doris Turner from Local 1199. In 1956 women made up 50 per cent of the RWDSU membership, the highest figure in its history. Linda H. LeGrande, "Women in Labor Organizations: Their Ranks are Increasing," Monthly Labor Review. 101 (8), August, 1978, p. 12. Footnote 12 : RWDSU Record, 21 (6), June, 1974, p. 5. In the 49 member Canadian delegation at this convention, there were only two women. See Footnote 11, p. 13. Footnote 13: Proceedings of the Twelfth RWDSU International Constitutional Convention, 1974, pp. 122-126. Footnote 14: New York Times, January 25, 1984, p. A25; Joshua B. Freeman, "The Trouble at 1199: Hospital Workers, Heal Thyselves," The Nation. 238 (12), March 31, 1984, p. 380. Footnote 15: By 1984, District 1199 accounted for 56 per cent of total RWDSU membership. Footnote 16 : Calculated from U.S. Dept. of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics. Directory..., 1980, p. 96. Footnote 17 : Prominent among such women was Eleanor Tilson from the United Storeworkers. However, Floris Saunders was appointed as one of the alternative vice presidents of RWDSU in 1982; she had also been a member of the executive board of the New York City chapter of CLUW during the 1970s. RWDSU Record, 21 (8), August, 1974, p. 4; 21 (10), October, 1974, p. 5; 21 (11), November, 1974, p. 4; 21 (12), December, 1974, p. 16; 22 (1), January, 1975, p. 4; 29 (5), June/July, 1982, p. 2. Footnote 18 : RWDSU Record, 23 (7), July, 1976, p. 11; 27 (6 7), June/July, 1980, p. 11. Footnote 19: RWDSU Record, 21 (4), April, 1974, p. 5; 21 (7), July, 1974, p. 4; 21 (8), August, 1974, p. 4; 21 (10), October, 1974, p. 5; 21 (11), November, 1974, p. 4; 21 (12), December, 1974, p. 16; 22 (1), January, 1975, p. 4; 22 (2), February, 1975, p. 10; 23 (1), January, 1976, pp. 3, 10; 23 (7), July, 1976, p. 11; 24 (10), October, 1977, p. 8; 24 (11), November, 1977, pp. 7, 9; 24 (12), December, 1977, p. 3; 26 (3), March, 1979, p. 13; 26 (4), April, 1979, p. 12; 26 (8), August, 1979, p. 13; 26 (9 , 10), September October, 1979, p. 4; 26 (12), December, 1979, p. 8; 27 (6 7), June July, 1980, p. 11. Footnote 20: For example, see AFL CIO News, May 8, 1982, p. 3; May 28, 1983, p. 5; October 15, 1983, p. 15; December 3, 1983, p. 6; January 28, 1984, p. 3; March 17, 1984, p. 4; March 31, 1984, p. 5; April 28, 1984, p. 1. Of course, the left attacked CLUW for the compromises it made with conservative trade union bureaucratism, but this hardly seems a reason for the weak support by the RWDSU. See Philip S. Foner, Women and the American Labor Movement. From World War I to the Present. New York: Free Press, 1980, pp. 531 2. Footnote 21: RWDSU Record, 24 (12), December, 1977, p. 4; 25 (5), May June, 1978, p. 12; 25 (9), September, 1978, p. 4; 26 (4), April, 1979, p. 12; 28 (6), June, 1981, p. 6; 28 (9), October, 1981, p. 11. One of these conferences was organized by the Ontario Federation of Labour and attended by 49 Eaton strikers after the signing of their 1985 contract. See RWDSU Record, 32 (4), August/September, 1985, p. 11. Footnote 22: RWDSU Record, 29 (5), June/July, 1982, p. 12. See also ibid, 26 (12), December, 1979, p. 2. The Service Employees International Union unwittingly pointed to the severe underrepresentation of women in the leadership of the American labor movement when it pronounced proudly that Miller had attained "...the highest post held in the labor movement by a woman." Service Employee. 40 (10), May, 1981, p. 7. Footnote 23: Calculated from RWDSU Record, 29 (5), June/July, 1982, pp. 2, 10, 13. Footnote 24: RWDSU Record, 30 (4), August/September, 1983, p. 6. Footnote 25 : RWDSU Record, 33 (1), February/March, 1986, p. 3. Footnote 26: RWDSU Constitution, Article VI, Section 6, p. 20; RWDSU Record, 21 (6), June, 1974, p. 2. A constitutional amendment in 1974 provided for the election of the Canadian Director by Canadian delegates to the international conventions. The other Canadian union officers, however, continued to be appointed by the international. Footnote 27 : The most rapid gains made by women among the Canadian membership were during the 1960s when their proportion increased from 26.1 per cent in 1962 to 32.7 per cent in 1969; between 1969 and 1982, women increased only from 32.7 to 35.3 per cent, although they reached 36.9 per cent in 1981. Calculated from Dominion Bureau of Statistics (Statistics Canada), Annual Report of the Minister of Trade and Commerce (Minister of Supply and Services) Under the Corporations and Labour Unions Returns Act, Part II: Labour Unions, Ottawa: Queen's Printer, various years (hereafter CALURA). Footnote 28 : Letter from George Barlow, Canadian Director of RWDSU to A. E. Hemming, Executive Secretary of the Canadian Labour Congress, 25 Nov., 1971 (George Barlow Papers, National Archives of Canada, MG 28 I 286, Vol. 1, File 1-21); Labour Canada, Directory of Labour Organizations in Canada. Ottawa: Minister of Supply and Services, various years; Thomas Ernest Collins, The Retail, Wholesale and Department Store Union. The Political Behaviour of a Trade Union in Ontario. Unpublished M.A. Thesis, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, 1974, pp. 24, 39 40, 70, 136 7, 139; RWDSU Record, 19 (6), June, 1972, p. 20; 23 (1), January, 1976, p. 9; 26 (2), February, 1979, p. 5; 27 (1), January, 1980, p. 7. Footnote 29 : Calculated from CALURA, and Proceedings of the Second Meeting of the Retail, Wholesale and Department Store Union, Canadian District Council, 12-13 May (1972), Ottawa. Gender could be determined for only 82 per cent of the delegates. Footnote_30 : Calculated from Proceedings of the Sixth Meeting of the Retail, Wholesale and Department Store Union, AFL-CIO-CLC, Canadian District Council. Moncton, New Brunswick, October 29-30, 1979 (mimeo); and from CALURA. The 17 per cent figure is based on 115 of the 157 delegates (73 per cent) whose gender could be determined. Footnote 31 : Calculated from Proceedings of the Seventh Meeting of the Retail, Wholesale and Department Store Union, AFL-CIO-CLC, Canadian District Council. Winnipeg, Manitoba, October 26-27, 1981 (mimeo); and, from CALURA. The 11 per cent figure is based on 112 of the 119 delegates (94%) whose gender could be determined. Footnote 32: RWDSU Record, 3 (20), October 28, 1956, p. 15. Footnote 33: RWDSU Record, 7 (15), August 28, 1960, p. 6. Footnote 34: RWDSU Record, 3 (21), November 11, 1956, p. 15. Footnote 35: RWDSU Record, 5 (4), March 16, 1958, p. 15. Footnote 36: RWDSU Record, 4 (13), July 7, 1957, p. 15. Footnote 37: RWDSU Record, 9 (16), August 26, 1962, p. 15; 15 (1), January 7, 1968, p. 8; 18 (8), April 25, 1971, p. 16. Footnote 38: RWDSU Record, 2 (18), October 2, 1955, p. 16; 5 (2), February 2, 1958, p. 10; 6 (24), December 20, 1959, p. 16. Footnote 39: RWDSU Record, 3 (1), January 22, 1956, p. 12. Footnote 40: RWDSU Record, 2 (22), November 27, 1955, p. 15. The editorial board of the 'RWDSU Record' consisted of five men -editor Max Steinbock, managing editor Bernard Stephens, art editor Stanley Glaubach, and assistant editors Roland Willoughby and Robert Dobbs. See Publication of the RWDSU, 1 (3), July 4, 1954, p. 7; RWDSU Record, 4 (22), November 24, 1957, p. 2. The first woman, Nancy Leiserson, joined the board as an editorial assistant in 1963. RWDSU Record, 10 (4), February 24th, 1963, p. 2. Footnote 41: RWDSU Record, 2 (18), October 2, 1955, p. 16; 5 (7), April 13, 1958, pp. 12-13. Footnote 42: RWDSU Record, 5 (12), June, 22, 1958, p. 15. Footnote 43: RWDSU Record, 7 (3), February 14, 1960, p. 12. Footnote 44: RWDSU Record, 15 (18), September 15, 1968, p. 8. The photo was of "Labour Princess" Heather Smith of Ottawa. Footnote 45: RWDSU Record, 2 (9), May 15, 1955, p. 14; 3 (2), February 5, 1956, p. 15; 2 (24), December 25, 1956, p. 15; 3 (3), February 19, 1956, p. 15. Footnote 46 : RWDSU Record, 3 (2), February 5, 1956, p. 15. Footnote 47: RWDSU Record, 10 (4), February 24, 1963, p. 15. Footnote 48: RWDSU Record, 3 (20), October 28, 1956, p.8. Footnote 49: RWDSU Record, 2 (24), December 25, 1955, p. 15. Footnote 50: RWDSU Record, 6 (5), March 15, 1959, p. 15. Footnote 51: RWDSU Record, 4 (9), May 12, 1957, p. 15. Footnote 52: RWDSU Record, 5 (23), December 7, 1958, p. 15. Footnote 53: RWDSU Record, 7 (5), March 13, 1960, p. 15. Footnote 54: RWDSU Record, 3 (3), February 19, 1956, p. 15. Footnote 55: RWDSU Record, 7 (16), September, 1960, p. 4. Footnote 56: RWDSU Record, 8 (7), April 9, 1961, p. 4. Footnote 57: RWDSU Record, 8 (10), May 21, 1961, p. 15. See also RWDSU Record, 15 (19), September 29, 1968, p. 15. Footnote 58: RWDSU Record, 14 (4), February 19, 1967, p. 4. Footnote 59: Proceedings of the Seventh Meeting of the Retail, Wholesale and Department Store Union, AFL-CIO-CLC, Canadian District Council, Winnipeg, Manitoba, October 26-27, 1981, p. 10 (mimeo). Footnote 60: RWDSU Record, 6 (3), February 15, 1959, p. 15; 6 (7), April 12, 1959, p. 15; 6 (23), December 6, 1959, p. 15; 6 (24), December 20, 1959, p. 15; 7 (2), January 31, 1960, p. 15; 7 (5), March 13, 1960, p. 15; 8 (23), December 3, 1961, p. 15. Footnote 61: RWDSU Record, 1 (6), August 29, 1954, p. 11. Footnote 62: RWDSU Record, 1 (7), September 12, 1954, p. 12; 1 (11), November 14, 1954, p. 14; 7 (2), January 31, 1960, p. 15; 8 (4), February 26, 1961, p. 15. Footnote 63: RWDSU Record, 6 (16), August 30, 1959, p. 15; 9 (6), March 25, 1962, p. 15; 9 (9), May 6, 1962, p. 15; 9 (14), July 15, 1962, p. 15; 9 (22), November 18, 1962, p. 15; 16 (21), 1969, p. 15; 16 (22), November 23, 1969, p. 15; 22 (11), November, 1975, p. 14. Footnote 64 : RWDSU Record, 2 (19), October 16, 1955, p. 15. Footnote 65: RWDSU Record, 14 (7), September 3, 1967, p. 15. Footnote 66: RWDSU Record, 7 (1), January 17, 1960, p. 15. See also RWDSU Record, 5 (16), August 31, 1958, p. 15; 5 (24), December 21, 1958, p. 15; 8 (21), November 5, 1961, p. 15; 16 (10), May 25, 1969, p. 15. Footnote 67: RWDSU Record, 16 (7), April 13, 1969, p. 15. See also RWDSU Record, 14 (13), June 25, 1967, p. 14; 14 (20), October 15, 1967, p. 14; 4 (2), October 27, 1957, p. 12; 16 (3), February 9, 1969, p. 14; 20 (3), March, 1973, p. 14; 22 (11), November, 1975, p. 14; 24 (8), August, 1977, p. 14. Footnote 68: RWDSU Record, 4 (7), April 14, 1957, p. 15. Footnote 69: RWDSU Record, 3 (21), November 11, 1956, p. 15. See also RWDSU Record, 6 (3), February 15, 1959, p. 15; 15 (11), May 26, 1968, p. 15; 16 (2), January 26, 1969, p. 15. Footnote 70: RWDSU Record, 6 (21), November 8, 1959, p. 15. Footnote 71: RWDSU Record, 14 (5), March 5, 1967, p. 15. See also RWDSU Record, 14 (20), October 15, 1967, p. 15; 20 (3), March, 1973, p. 15. Footnote 72: RWDSU Record, 7 (4), February 28, 1960, p. 14. Footnote 73: RWDSU Record, 7 (19), October 23, 1960, p. 12. See also RWDSU Record, 7 (16), September 11, 1960, p. 15. Footnote 74: RWDSU Record, 8 (17), September 10, 1961, p. 11. Footnote 75: RWDSU Record, 4 (22), November 24, 1957, p. 14. Footnote 76: RWDSU Record, 8 (21), November 5, 1961, p. 10. Footnote 77: RWDSU Record, 5 (1), January 19, 1958, p. 8; see also RWDSU Record, 4 (5), March 17, 1957, p. 15. Footnote 78: RWDSU Record, 8 (22), November 19, 1961, p. 10; 16 (4), February 23, 1969, p. 4. Footnote 79: RWDSU Record, 3 (23), December 9, 1956, p. 14. See also RWDSU Record, 2 (5), March 20, 1955, p. 14; 2 (11), June 12, 1955, p. 15; 3 (20), October 28, 1956, p. 15; 5 (1), January 19, 1958, p. 15; 5 (2), February 2, 1958, p. 15; 5 (18), September 28, 1958, p. 15; 8 (21), 8 (6), March 26, 1961, p. 15; November 5, 1961, p. 12; 15 (24), December 22, 1968, p. 15; 16 (3), February 9, 1969, p. 15; 16 (7), April 13, 1969, p. 15; 16 (17), September 14, 1969, p. 15. Footnote 80: RWDSU Record, 8 (10), May 21, 1961, p. 15; 8 (18), September 24, 1961, p. 15. Footnote 81: RWDSU Record, 7 (2), January 31, 1960, p. 15; 7 (10), May 22, 1960, p. 15; 6 (23), December 18, 1960, p. 15. Footnote 82: Publication of the RWDSU, 1 (2), June 20, 1954, p. 14; RWDSU Record, 1 (12), November 28, 1954, p. 14; 6 (16), August 30, 1959, p. 15; 15 (20), October 13, 1968, p. 15. Footnote 83: RWDSU Record, 4 (4), March 17, 1957, p. 15. Footnote 84: RWDSU Record, 8 (22), November 19, 1961, p. 15. Footnote 85: RWDSU Record, 6 (6), March 29, 1959, p. 15. Footnote 86: RWDSU Record, 6 (15), August 16, 1959, p. 15. Footnote 87: RWDSU Record, 8 (7), April 9, 1961, p. 15. See also Publication of the RWDSU, 1 (3), July 4, 1954, p. 12; RWDSU Record, 1 (12), November 28th, 1954, p. 14; 16 (9), May 11, 1969, p. 15. Footnote 88: RWDSU Record, 1 (13), December 12, 1954, p. 12. See also RWDSU Record, 7 (3), February 14, 1960, p. 8; 9 (12), June 17, 1962, p. 2. Footnote 89: Publication of the RWDSU, 1 (1), June 6, 1954, p. 16. Footnote 90: RWDSU Record, 3 (17), September 16, 1956, p. 8. Footnote 91: RWDSU Record, 19 (8), August, 1972, p. 11; 20 (9), September, 1973, p. 9; 24 (12), December, 1977, pp. 1, 4; 25 (5), May-June, 1978, p. 12; 26 (1), January, 1979, pp. 8-9; 33 (4), October/November, 1986, p. 11; 34 (1), January/February, 1987, pp. 6, 12. Footnote 92: Publication of the RWDSU, 1 (2), June 20, 1954, p. 4. Footnote 93: RWDSU Record, 9 (21), November 4, 1962, p. 4. Footnote 94: RWDSU Record, 2 (5), March 20, 1955, p. 10. Footnote 95: RWDSU Record, 4 (12), June 23, 1957, p. 12. Footnote 96: RWDSU Record, 7 (18), October 9, 1960, p. 15. Footnote 97: RWDSU Record, 2 (1), January 23, 1955, p. 5. Footnote 98: RWDSU Record, 16 (9), May 11, 1969, p. 11. Footnote 99: RWDSU Record, 2 (17), September 18, 1955, p. 7. Footnote 100: RWDSU Record, 8 (14), July 30, 1961, p. 4. Footnote 101: RWDSU Record, 24 (6), June, 1977, p. 10. See also RWDSU Record, 25 (9), September, 1978, p. 7; 34 (1), January/February, 1987, p. 2. Footnote 102: RWDSU Record, 31 (2), June/July, 1984, p. 11. Footnote 103: RWDSU Record, 34 (3), May/June, 1987, p. 6. Footnote 104: RWDSU Record, 16 (19), October 12, 1969, p. 11. Footnote 105: RWDSU Record, 20 (8), August, 1973, p. 6. Footnote 106: RWDSU Record, 22 (3), March, 1975, p. 5. Footnote 107: RWDSU Record, 24 (4), April, 1977, p. 6; 24 (6), June, 1977, p. 8. Footnote 108: Proceedings of the Seventh Meeting of the Retail, Wholesale and Department Store Union, AFL-CIO-CLC, Canadian District Council. Winnipeg, Manitoba, October 26-27, 1981, p. 13. Footnote 109: RWDSU Record, 6 (15), August 16, 1959, p. 15. Footnote 110: RWDSU Record, 10 (10), May 19, 1963, p. 4. Footnote 111: RWDSU Record, 10 (12), June 16, 1963, pp. 4, 13. Footnote 112: RWDSU Record, 21 (3), March, 1974, p. 16; 21 (8), August, 1974, p. 10; 21 (12), December, 1974, p. 16; 22 (10), October, 1975, p. 16; 23 (10), October, 1976, p. 13; 23 (11), November, 1976, p. 5; 25 (2), February, 1978, p. 16; 26 (5), May, 1979, p. 16; 26 (11), November, 1979, p. 16. Footnote 113: RWDSU Record, 21 (8), August, 1974, p. 10; 22 (3), March, 1975, p. 5; 22 (9), September, 1975, p. 5; 23 (1), January, 1976, p. 3; 24 (12), December, 1977, p. 3; 25 (8), August, 1978, pp. 3, 16; 29 (5), June/July, 1982, pp. 3, 13; 30 (4), August/September, 1983, p. 4. Footnote 114 : Proceedings of the Twelfth International RWDSU Constitutional Convention, 1974, p. 68. Footnote 115: For definitional distinctions among 'equal pay for equal work', 'equal pay for substantially similar work', and 'equal pay for work of equal value', see Carl J. Cuneo, Pay Equity: The Labour-Feminist Challenge. (Toronto: Oxford University Press, 1990), Chapter One. Footnote 116: RWDSU Record, 10 (5), March 10, 1963, p. 8. During the 1950s, the RWDSU at Dominion Stores had negotiated lower pay raises for women than for men. See RWDSU Record, 5 (23), December 7, 1958, p. 8; 6 (15), August 16, 1959, p. 8. Footnote 117: RWDSU Record, 8 (13), July 2, 1961, p. 13; 9 (13), July 1, 1962, p. 3; 9 (14), July 15, 1962, p. 4; 9 (15), August 12, 1962, p. 2; 10 (9), May 5, 1963, p. 2; 10 (11), June 2, 1963, p. 2; 10 (13), June 30, 1963, p. 3. Footnote 118: RWDSU Record, 14 (2), January 22, 1967, p. 7; 18 (5), March 14, 1971, p. 8. Footnote 119: RWDSU Record, 23 (7), July, 1976, p. 14; 29 (5), June/July, 1982, p. 12. Footnote 120: RWDSU Record, 28 (9), October, 1981, p. 11; 30 (4), August/September, 1983, p. 4. Footnote 121: Proceedings of the Second Meeting of the RWDSU, Canadian District Council, 12-13 May (1972), Ottawa. Footnote 122: Proceedings of the Seventh Meeting of the RWDSU, Canadian District Council, Winnipeg, Manitoba, 1981, p. 7. _______________________________________________________