Notes to Cameron, Ruralist Ideology in Queensland

Notes

(1) Mann, Queensland Parliamentary Debates [QPD], 98 (1906), p.1344.

(2) C.A. Bernays, Queensland Politics During Sixty (1859-1919) Years (Brisbane: Queensland Government Printer, 1919), p. 383.

(3) Margaret Stubbs-Brown, The Secondary Industries of Queensland: 1875-1900, B.A. Hons, University of Queensland., 1962, pp. 28-9.

(4) Ibid., pp. 13-14 & 84-85.

(5) J. Laverty, ‘The Queensland Economy 1860-1915’, in D.J. Murphy, R.B. Joyce, C.A. Hughes, eds., Prelude to Power: The Rise of the Labour Party in Queensland 1885-1915 (Brisbane: Jacaranda Press, 1970), pp. 31 & 37.

(6) A. L. Lougheed, The Brisbane Stock Exchange, 1884-1984 (Brisbane: Boolarong Publications, 1984), p. 75.

(7) A. L. Lougheed, A Century of Service: History of the Brisbane Chamber of Commerce 1868-1968 (Brisbane: Brisbane Chamber of Commerce, 1969), p. 27.

(8) G. Stupart, Maryborough Chamber of Commerce Annual Report, 1904-05 [MCCAR], Maryborough, 1905, p. 9, John Oxley Library [JOL];’A Self-supporting Commonwealth’, Worker, 26 August, 1915, p. 6; ‘Support Local Industries’, Worker, 26 August, 1915, p. 7; ‘Foreign Made Goods’, Worker, 4 November, 1915, p. 5; ‘New Industries’, Worker, 11 November, 1915, p. 16; ‘Australia’s Importing Habit’, Worker, 16 December, 1915, p. 7; Bundaberg Chamber of Commerce to Premier Ryan, 24 August, 1915, PRE/A499, 9938, Queensland State Archives [QSA]; Brisbane Chamber of Commerce Annual Report, 1915-16 [BCCAR], pp. 21 & 33, JOL.

(9) Stubbs-Brown, The Secondary Industries of Queensland: 1875-1900, pp. 2-5.

(10) Ibid., pp. 22-3.

(11) Herman Schwartz, ‘Foreign Creditors and the Politics of Development in Australia and Argentina 1880-1913’, International Studies Quarterly, 33, 3, (1989), pp. 290-1.

(12) Glen Lewis, A History of the Ports of Queensland: A Study in Economic Nationalism (Brisbane: University of Queensland Press, 1973), pp. 6, 76 & 83.

(13) Secretary for Agriculture James Tolmie admitted to parliament that the Special Agricultural Selections Act had been a failure. Tolmie, QPD, 113 (1912), p. 29.

(14) Herman Schwartz, ‘Foreign Creditors’, pp. 290-1.

(15) The Manufacturing Industries Act 1869 was meant to encourage the production of woollen and cotton textiles from local materials, and the Encouragement of Native Industries Act 1869 proposed grants of land in urban and rural locations for the establishment of new factories.

(16) ‘Summary – Manufacturing Factories, Output & Employment’, Statistics of the State of Queensland [QSS], QPP, 1 (1931), p. 20k. No industrial statistics are available prior to 1863. ‘Output’ is defined as the selling price at the factory of manufactured goods, whereas the value of ‘production’ relates to an estimate of the value added to a commodity by the manufacturing process.

(17) Stubbs-Brown, The Secondary Industries of Queensland: 1875-1900, pp. 33 & 88-99.

(18) ‘Summary – Manufacturing Factories, Output & Employment’, QSS, QPP, 1 (1931), p. 20k.

(19) A.R. Hall, The London Capital Market and Australia 1870-1914: Social Science Monograph No. 21 (Canberra: Australian National University, 1963), pp. 171-6. & W. Ross Johnston, The Call of the Land: A History of Queensland to the Present Day (Brisbane: Jacaranda Press, 1982), pp. 129-30.

(20) ‘Table Ad, Immigration over Emigration – Queensland 1862-1905′, in ‘Report on Vital Statistics’, QPP, 1 (1906), p. 1215; ‘Table No.V, Immigration over Emigration – Queensland 1905-1909′, in ‘Production’, QSS, QPP, 1 (1909), p. 241 & ‘Summary – Mean Population 1856-1931′, QSS, QPP, 1 (1931), pp. 2-3k.

(21) ‘Comparative Statement of Occupations – Queensland: for Censuses of 1891, 1901 & 1911′, Census of the Commonwealth of Australia [Commonwealth Census], 3, 7, (1911), p, 1288. & ‘Queensland – Occupations of Males & Females’, Commonwealth Census, 1, 7, (1921), pp. 896-901.

(22) . Laverty, ‘Queensland Economy’, p. 37.

(23) ‘Australia – Industry of the Population for Censuses 1901, 1911, 1921 & 1933′, Commonwealth Census, 2, 12, (1933), p. 1192. & ‘Queensland – Males & Females Recorded in Urban & Rural Divisions by Industry’, Commonwealth Census, 2, 12, (1933), p. 1198.

(24) ‘Comparative Statement of Occupations – Queensland’, Commonwealth Census, 3, 7, (1911), p, 1288; ‘Queensland – Occupations of Males & Females’, Commonwealth Census, 1, 7, (1921), pp. 896-901; ‘Queensland – Males & Females Recorded in Urban & Rural Divisions by Industry’, Commonwealth Census, 2, 12, (1933), p. 1198. & Glen Lewis, The Crisis Years: Economic Development in Queensland 1885-1895, B.Ec. Hons, University of Queensland, 1964, Appendix II, pp. 238-9.

(25) For examples of the ‘laggard’ thesis see M. Gough, H. Hughes, B.J. McFarlane, et. al., Queensland: Industrial Enigma, Manufacturing in the Economic Development of Queensland (Melbourne: Melbourne University Press, 1964), pp. 7-9; C. Hughes, The Government of Queensland (Brisbane: University of Queensland Press, 1980), pp. 6-9; B. J. Costar, Political and Social Aspects of the Great Depression in Queensland, 1929-1932, M.A. Qual., University of Queensland, 1973, pp. vi-ix & B. J. Costar, Labor, Politics and Unemployment: Queensland During the Great Depression, Ph.D. Thesis, University of Queensland, 1981, p. 2.

(26) A. M. Hertzberg, BCCAR, 1903-04, Brisbane, 1904, pp. 11-12. & BCCAR, 1904-05, Brisbane, 1905, p. 9., JOL; ‘Report of the Chief Inspector of Factories & Shops’ [‘F&SR’], QPP, 2, (1903), p. 129; D. Denham, QPD, 99, (1907), p. 638; Ross Fitzgerald, A History of Queensland: From the Dreaming to 1915 (Brisbane: University of Queensland Press, 1986), p. 298; Costar, Political & Social Aspects, pp. viii-ix. & Laverty, Queensland Economy, pp.40-1.

(27) Prior to 1901 a ‘factory’ was only recorded if it employed four or more hands, this was temporarily changed to two or more hands between 1901-1907, then reverted back four or more hands from 1908.

(28) G. Stupart, MCCAR, 1902-03 & 1904-05, JOL; ‘F&SR, 1903’, QPP, 1 (1904), p. 726; J. W. Thurlow, BCCAR, 1908-09, pp. 7-8., JOL; Stubbs-Brown, The Secondary Industries of Queensland: 1875-1900, 1962, p. 185; C. Hughes, The Government of Queensland, p. 324.

(29) ‘Factory Tables’ in ‘F&SR, 1900′, QPP, 2, (1901), p. 1594; ‘1901′, QPP, 1, (1902), p. 841; ‘1902′, QPP, 2, (1903), p. 124; ‘1903′, QPP, 1, (1904), p. 708; ‘1904′, QPP, 1, (1905), p. 642; ‘1905′, QPP, 1, (1906), p. 1582; ‘1907′, QPP, 2, (1907), p. 309; ‘1908′, QPP, 2, (1908), p. 323; ‘1909′, QPP, 2, (1909), p. 85; ‘1910′, QPP, 2, (1910), p. 744.

(30) ‘Summary – Factories’, QSS, QPP, 1 (1931), p. 20k.

(31) Alan Jenkins, Attitudes Towards Federation in Queensland, M.A., University of Queensland, 1979, pp. 156-164.

(32) Queensland manufacturers exported goods such as clothing, hats, timber furniture, doors and windows, saddlery and leatherware, beef, mutton, bacon, hams, cheese, butter, timber, refined metals. Lesina, QPD, 97, (1906), p. 233; E. J. T. Barton, ed., Jubilee History of Queensland: A Record of Political, Industrial, and Social Development (Brisbane: H.J. Didamms & Co., 1909), pp. 232-38 & 255-59. & MCCAR, 1904-05, JOL.

(33) ‘Summary – Factories’, QSS, QPP, 1 (1931), pp. 20-1k.

(34) ‘Production – Manufactories – Hands Employed’, QSS, QPP, (1900-1931). Females comprised at least seventeen per cent of the manufacturing workforce over this period. For an excellent analysis of the role of women in industry see Helen Hamley, The Limits of Choice: White Women, Their Work & Labour Activism in Queensland Factories & Shops 1880s to 1920, M.A. Qual. Thesis, University of Queensland, 1992.

(35) ‘Production – Manufactories by Type, Number of Hands, & Power Used’, QSS, QPP, (1911-1930).

(36) ‘F&SR’, QPP, 2 (1909), p. 85; QPP, 2 (1920), p. 684. & QPP, 2 (1930), p. 112. The first Factories & Shops Act was passed in Queensland in 1896. Districts were enlarged, new ones added, (from 6 to 14 by 1921) and the application of factory regulations varied between districts.

(37) ‘Production – Manufactories Output etc.’, QSS, QPP, (1900-1909), & ‘Production – Manufacturing Queensland – Principal Products’, A.B.C. of Queensland Statistics [ABCQS], Brisbane, 1910-1931.

(38) D. C. Rich, The Industrial Geography of Australia (Sydney: Methuen, 1986), p. 40.

(39) ‘Production of Queensland Industries – Estimated Gross Value Since 1871′, ABCQS, 1929, p. 199. & 1932, p. 234; Commonwealth of Australia, Commonwealth Bureau of Census and Statistics, ‘Table 158 – Summary of Australian Production Statistics for the years 1909-10 to 1919-20′, Production Bulletin No. 14, p. 103. & ‘Summary – Production’, QSS, QPP, 1 (1931), p. 20k.

(40) ‘Production – Mills, Manufactories, Works – by Police Districts’, QSS, QPP, (1900-1931).

(41) See Tables in C. P. Harris, Regional Economic Development in Queensland 1859 to 1981 with particular emphasis on North Queensland (Canberra, Australian National University, 1984), pp. 70-1. & 92-3.

(42) Lewis, History of the Ports, p. 194.

(43) For details on the developmental ethos of Queensland governments from Federation onwards see David Cameron, ‘Queensland, the state of development: The State and economic development in early twentieth century Queensland’, Queensland Review, 4, 1, (April 1997), pp. 39-48.

(44) Rutledge, QPD, 85 (1900), p. 1423; Groom, QPD, 85 (1900), p. 1424; Leahy, QPD, 98 (1906), p.1342. & Jenkins, QPD, 97 (1906), pp.225-28.

(45) Lewis, History of the Ports, p. 194.

(46) This rural corporatist ideal found its most effective practical expression the successful Queensland Producers’ Association scheme, see E. G. Theodore & W. N. Gillies, Queensland Producers’ Association – Scheme for the Organisation of the Agricultural Industry of Queensland: Presented for the Consideration of the Farmers of Queensland (Brisbane: Queensland Government Printer, 1922).

(47) Lewis, History of the Ports, p. 194.

(48) Johnston, The Call of the Land, p. 145. & M. Williams, ‘More and Smaller is Better: Australian Rural Settlement 1788-1914’, in J. M. Powell & M. Williams, eds., Australian Space, Australian Time (Melbourne: Oxford University Press, 1975), p. 83.

(49) J. M. Powell, ‘Patrimony of the People: The role of government in land settlement’, in R.L. Heathcote, ed., The Australian Experience: Essays in Australian Land Settlement and Resource Management, (Melbourne: Longman, 1988), pp. 16-7. & J. M. Powell, Plains of Promise, Rivers of Destiny: Water Management and the Development of Queensland, 1824-1990 (Brisbane: Boolarong Publications, 1991), p. 24.

(50) Johnston, The Call of the Land, p. 49.

(51) Kay Cohen, ‘Lands Administration 1859-1910′, in Kay Cohen & Kenneth Wiltshire, eds., People, Places and Policies: Aspects of Queensland Government Administration 1859-1920 (Brisbane: University of Queensland Press, 1995), pp. 132-33. & Johnston, The Call of the Land, pp. 49-55, 89-92, & 145-49.

(52) ‘Queensland’, Worker, 12 December, 1903.; Lewis, A History of the Ports of Queensland, p. 83. & T. Cochrane, Blockade: The Queensland Loans Affair 1920 to 1924 (Brisbane: University of Queensland Press, 1989), pp. 36-37.

(53) A.M. Hertzberg, BCCAR, 1904-05, p. 12., JOL; Lewis, A History of the Ports of Queensland, p. 83. & Fitzgerald, >From the Dreaming to 1915 , pp. 125 & 188.

(54) Sean Glynn, Urbanisation in Australian History 1788-1900 (Melbourne: Nelson, 1975), pp. 19-21; Powell, Plains of Promise, p.24. & Schwartz, ‘Foreign Creditors’, pp. 281-301. For a fascinating regional account of the squatters move onto the Darling Downs and the later struggle break up the pastoral monopoly over land to make way for closer settlement see Beverley J. Irwin, A Million Bushels of Wheat: The History of the Clifton Shire 1840-1988 (Clifton: Clifton Shire Council, 1989), pp. 16-41. and also D.B. Waterson, Squatter, Selector & Storekeeper: A History of the Darling Downs, 1859-1893 (Sydney: Sydney University Press, 1968).

(55) D. J. Murphy, The Establishment of State Enterprises in Queensland, 1915-1918, M.A. Qual., University of Queensland, 1965, pp. 64-6.

(56) For details on the State Steelworks proposal see, ‘Report of the Royal Commission on the State Iron & Steel Works’, QPP, 2, (1918), pp 1815-99; Documents relating to the Establishment of Iron & Steel Works in Queensland 1918-1923 [Iron & Steel Works Papers], Batch 291 – Part 1, Folios 1-265, held by the Department of the Premier & Cabinet, Brisbane & Mines Department, Queensland, Report on the Queensland State Iron & Steelworks, 1918, MIN/A, Bundle A/8714, QSA.

(57) Ross Fitzgerald, “Red Ted”: The Life of E.G. Theodore (Brisbane: University of Queensland Press, 1994), pp. 162-3. & I. Young, Theodore: His Life and Times (Sydney: Alpha Books, 1971), p. 41.

(58) Fitzgerald, “Red Ted”, p. 162.

(59) J. W. Brophy to A. J. Jones, Minister for Mines, 10 November, 1919, ‘Report on the Selection of Iron and Steel Works Site – 1919’, Iron & Steel Works Papers, Batch 291 – Part 1, Folios 147-146.

(60) Cochrane, Blockade, 1989. The loans embargo occurred when the City of London money markets refused to continue to furnish the Queensland government with developmental loans, this action was triggered by political intervention in the government’s loan negotiations of 1920 by Queensland and British pastoral interests outraged at amendments to the Land Act that threatened the privileged position of pastoral lease holders.

(61) Theodore & Gillies, Queensland Producers’ Association, 1922.

(62) The Industries Assistance Bill of 1929′, QPD, 153, (1929), p. 738; A. Armitage to Premier Moore, 17 June 1930, PRE/A999, 3684, QSA; W.M. Patterson to Premier Moore, 10 June, 1930, PRE/A998, 3539, QSA, & B.J. Costar, ‘The Great Depression: Was Queensland Different?’, Labour History, No. 26, 1974, pp. 37-8.

(63) . Paul Fennelly, ‘It’s more than ‘rocks ‘n crops’ says metals group’, Queensland – Special Report, Australian Financial Review, 3 October, 1997, p. 74. & ‘Table 4 : Gross Domestic Product at Factor Cost by Industry and Principal Components, Queensland’, Government Statisticians’ Office, Queensland Statistics – Compendium, (Brisbane: GSO, 1997), http://www.gso.qld.gov.au/compend/tab105.htm